^ mt^ima^mmmmmm^mmm ■ - ' ' d NERS' ICLE ;RICA) ILLUSTRATED HORTICULTURAL $2.00 A YEAR ^iwti 25c A COPY S«'i:i;Miiiin]tmiiiii[ WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY KILLS PLANT INSECTS, SCALE and MILDEW Used by Leading Gardeners E C WORDCN. Pk C . D Sc- r C a, TELEPHONE CONNECTONS EDWARD C.WORDEN ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTrNG CHEMIST THE CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION CF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS orriCE NO 2 RECTOR ST. NEW YORK CITY PLEASE ADDRESS REPLY TO LABORATORY, MILBURN. NEW JERSEY Andrew Wilson, Ine., Springfiold, N.-J. January 4 th 1922. D«ar Slr:- This is to oertify that I he.vs ohemioally analysed and am familiar with the ooraposition and properties of Wilson's O.K. Plant Spray, and have made extensive praotical trials of the same covering a period of the past five years for such insects as Red Spider, Mealy Bug, Scale, Aphis and Grape Mildew, and have found the same uniformly efficient €ind entirely innocuous to the most tender plants. It had proven in my hands the most econoraioal and efficient Plant Spray which I have ever used. Very truly your, Edward C. Morion, Fh.C, U.A,, D.So., F.C.S. i-'jnbor of the Chemioal Societies of United States, England, Franoe, Italy and Germany. Fellow of the Irttitute of Prance. Barrels $90, ] Barrels $50, 10 gallons $20, 5 gallons $10 ANDREW WILSON Springfield. New Jersey ""miimii'iiiiNiii iiiifflaiiiiiiiiiiiiimimmiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii K^7yz^ /'/W/V/y/y//////////yyy//^^^^ A MESSAGE JUDGE J. T. Aarean's Incomparable Dahlia Creations Produced By Himself in His Private Gardens at Green's Farms, Conn. Intrnductions for 1922. — ALL PRIZE WINNERS HERCULES, decorative: quilled; enormous flower on strong straight stems: lileiiding of tangerine and deep yellow. $10. JUDGE ALTON B. PARKER, decorative: fine golden huff: \ery large flower on strong stiff stem. $10. MABEL THATCHER, decorative; fine large [iale yellinv fl(jwer on strong stem. $10. MRS. JOSIAH T. MAREAN, peony flowered; perfect : extra large flower on strong wiry stem; beautiful old rose with golden shad- ings. $15. MRS. JOHN T. SCHEEPERS, decorative: \-ery beautiful flnwer of a canarj- yellow changing to a soft pink suffusion on outer petals : strong stout stem. $15. OVER THERE, decorative; most attractive large flower on very strong stem ; of a true self deep salmon color. $10. THE BASHFUL GIANT, decorative; the largest flower so far produced ; strong stem, on which the flower turns its head slightlv ; fine apricot with golden shad- ings. $10. THE EMPEROR, decorative; unquestionably the miist aristocratic of them all ; a ma- roon of the finest type ; very large flower, made up of long flat petals ; a magnificent Prize \Vinner of the highest merit. $2i. THE MERRY WIDOW, decorative; enor- mous Idoonis on stiff short stems, held erect; clear yellow, suft'used with a pleas- ing shade of red but so arranged to make a handsomely colored Dahlia. $10. Introductions of 1921, all of which have "made good" and have taken Blue Ribbons at the Shows : AGNES HAVILAND, decorative; fine rose- pink slightly suft'used with yellow. Large flowers on strong stift" stem. $6.00. CHARM, decorative ; burnt orange shading to yellow : strong wiry stem. $7.50. DAKOTA, decorative; shade of flame; enor- uKJUs flowers on stiff' stem. $6. E. T. BEDFORD, Hybrid— decorative ; purple with silvery shading; exhibited of size 12 inches and over. Long strong stems. $10. JUDGE MARFAN, decorative; blending shades of salmon pink, red, orange, yellow and pure gold ; large flower on long strong straight stem. $7.50. LADY BETTY, decorative: lovely creamy- white, pinkish suffusion ; very large, finely formed flower on stiff' stem. S7.50. LA GROSSE BETE, decorative, enormous cerise self color; strong stem. $7.50. LE TOREADOR, decorative; fine lasting ex- hibition flower; finest crimson shade; strong wiry stem. $6.00. MEPHISTOPHELES, Hybrid— decorative; a masterpiece : ruby red, tiny golden points at the xevy ends of some petals. Now $15. MRS. I. DE VER WARNER, decorative; considered the most beautiful in the col- lection : awarded many First Prizes at flower shows ; very large beautifully col- ored flowers, a shade of soft deep mauve pink ; long, strong, wiry stems. $15. STOCK OF ALL LIMITED Prices are for STRONG BULB DIVISIONS ONLY; realizing what is often the result of propa- gation, NO PLANTS will be offered, ONLY Bulbs from clumps out of Judge Marean's private garden of which the plants HAVE PROVEN THEIR MERIT, will be distributed. EACH VARIETY AND EACH ROOT SENT OUT IS ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEED AS TO BEING TRUE TO NAME AND TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY PLANT, BUT ONLY IF PURCHASED DIRECT FROM THE ORIGINATOR THROUGH HIS Exclusive Introducer JOHN SCHEEPERS, 522 Fifth Ave., New York City Handsome large book covering these magnificent Dahlias, with three beautiful color plates, full natural size and color, free upon request, if you mention The Gardeners' Chronicle. 1 • Palm House ami Wings Erected for Mrs. A. D. Morse. Qeveland. Ohio. It is our Standard house number four, duplicate of which could be furnished in a surprisingly short time. Send for Booklet Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVINGTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA N. Y. 3C E.ist 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title Bldp. BOSTON-11 CLEVELAND TORONTO Little Bldg. 407 Ulmer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. EASTERN FACTORY WESTERN FACTORY CANADIAN FACTORY Irvington. N. Y. Des Plaines, Til. St. Catharines. Ontario I iiiiiiiiiiiiiii:'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiimiiiiiii| Orchids If you contemplate buying eemi-established, | established or imported orchids, consult us first. | We carry in stock about 25,000 species. | A large stock of Laelia Cattleyas, Hybrid Catt- [ leyas, Brasso Cattleyas, Odontiodas, and other | choice hybrids. | We specialize in supplying the private trade. p Let us figure on your requirements — our quality g is second to none. I Orchid peat, live Sphagnum Moss, baskets, pot | hangers, always on hand. § Send lor our price list. | G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY j Orchid Collectors, Grotoers and lmporter$ | MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK | i iwBMiiniiiiniiiniiiiiiiiMnniiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiin ' OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes this opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — thoroughly qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense of the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ebel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York This association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship owners of some of the foremost country) estates in America. Sim I iiiimiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil I Ill iinniiiii miini " »""> iniiiiniiii^ 'flllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllW I Our Novelties for 1922 I F OR approximately twenty years, we have been endeavoring to | supply the best the w^orld affords in flowers for your gardens. | I We leave it to you to judge, just how^ w^e have succeeded. | I Our Catalogue for 1922, is Better than Ever! | 1 Our new Rose "Souv. de Claudius Fernet," will prove itself the finest | 1 yellow Rose, distributed to date. | 1 "Red Doty," and "Bronze Doty," are the finest introductions in this | I type, since the days of Lillian and White Doty! | 1 Carnation "Happiness," the variegated yellow, is a Novelty in a class | I by itself. | I And don't forget, "Royal Fragrance," Heliotrope! | 1 These are just a few of the "gems" contained in our 1922 catalogue, which you should have received by | ■ this time. If your copy hasn't reached you — drop us a card! | I CHAS. H. TOTTY COMPANY | I MADISON NEW JERSEY | liiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!niiiiii!!iiiiiiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;:iii;ii!iiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii^^ '|iii[!i'iiirii!i:ni[iiiiiii i[Uiniii::iiii,im:i!iiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiii[|[i[i[[iiii[i!ii[iii:iiMimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii^ I Sanders' List of I i Orchid Hybrids | I containing name and parentage of | j every known Orchid Hybrid. | I A book every Orchid lover should j I possess. j ^llllllllKIIillllllllllllllllllilllllll DREER' 1922 PARPEN BOOK 7 / Price $12.00 postage prepaid Muller-Sealey Company, Inc. 145 West 45th Street New York City Is a reliable guide to Vegetable and Flower culture that no amateur or professional gardener can afford to be without. TTie EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger and more complete than ever. It shows in eight color plates some of the Dreer Specialties and its 224 large pages give photographic illustrations of many of the varie- ties listed besides complete cultural directions for suc- cessful growing. It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, including the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. The Garden Book is now ready. A copy mailed free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 ChesUiut Street, PHILADELPHIA. PA. I :iiiiiamiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii r QuJiSri^^iadAy The proverbial charm of Eii}!;li>h gardens is ilue to a great extent to the remarkable vigor of English seed and the purity of ihe strains. This outstanding superiority is present to a marked extent in American gardens when planted with Sutton's Seeds. In England we raise the breeding of plants and the selection of seed to the dignity of an art. Superlative quality is our only standard: first in growing flowers and vegetables of unusual excellence, and finally in selecting seed from the perfect speci- mens only. Our catalog, as unusual in its way as Sutton's Seeds, will be sent for 35c. This will be credited on first order of S8.00 or over. Only 28 days required from dale of your order for catalog or seeds to reach you, as we mail promptly. But you should lose no time in ordering the catalog. fijtXtFit4eaii sjieeialists. many of which will outdistance older varieties of their class; also all the worlii while standard varieties. It is the most comiir<-iien>ive list of its kind in ill' lii-lory of the Sweet Pea. "THE WORT-n'S BEST" CHARLES ELLIOTT Grant i'lace Park Ridge, 111. imiiinimniiMninnimnimmniiiiiimiiriinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiniiiim^^^ W. F. McCORD CO. High grade Seeds are necessary for a good Garden VEGETABLE, FLOWER. GRASS and FARM SEEDS of the Highest Standard Send us your order and be convinoed NURSERYMEN and SEEDSMEN TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK Competent Gardeners \ The comforts and products of a country j home are increased by employing a competent | gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. | Please give particulars regarding place and | say whether married or single man is wanted. j We have been supplying them for years to the best people everywhere. No fee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists 35 an.l 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY fliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I mil iiiiiiiiiiniiiiniininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiu iiiiih iiiiiiiimnnnniuiiiiiiiiwiiiiii i i? |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiininimiim iiiiiiii!iiiiiiiimii::miiiiiiiiiimnmnniiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Don't Miss the Following | I Sensational Novelties ! , j You Need Them All In Your Garden I = 1 Schling's Wonderful New E i •■•• Snapdragon "INDIAN E SUMMER," the greatest E. achifvcmtiit in S n a p - E dragons to ilnte, introduc- E ing a new and bewitching' E color never before seen in p Snapdragons. — a lovely E rich velvety and glossy = copper color, indescribably ^ beautiful! And as for size, H it is without even a near I rival. Pkt. $1JX). 6 for $5.00. = O The New Bedding Petunia 1 Violet Queen -a tleep violet E blue, entraiicinglv beau- i tifiil. pkt. 5(>c. i O Queen Aime's Blue Lace = Flower of rare and delicate H charm, pkt. 50c. ^ ^ The New Dahlia-Zinnia, = monstrous doulile flowers M v.- i t h broa d , 1 on g o\'e rl a p - E piiip petals, ]>kt, nOc, I All 4 Novelties for $2 M Including (."opy of I "BOOK FOR GARDEN j LOVERS" I Book only 25 cts. ^ A practical guide for gardens i of quality. Full of valuable E pointers that will save >ou from E needless mistakes. I $cKhi\g^ $ccd$ I 28 W. 59th St., New York INSECT PESTS AND FRIENDS IN FEATHERS SNAPDRAGON I INIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII llr- Just Outsiilt the Window. Style No. 42B Complete wit:; Bracket. Et. . PRICE POST PAID in V. S S6.65 pOPULAR Interest in Bird^ is shown in the increasingly definite movement to protect and to concentrate them where they are especially desired. Not onlv those who need their help in fighting insect pests, but others who love to see and hear them, are eager to offer inducements in the way of i:esting sites to invite their presence. Educator Log Cabins for Birds and Household Pets SlCHl.CIOO.OOit is estimated as the annual loss to our forestry and timber interests caused by insects. In the stomach of a single Cedar VVaxwing were found 100 canker worms, while a Scarlet Tananger has been seen to eat 630 gypsy moths inside of eighteen minutes. A Maryland Yellow-throat ate 3,500 plant- lice in forty minutes. Educator Products are Distinctive Every Garden and Bird Lover will find our 3J-page Booklet describing the complete line of Educator Log Cabins full of valuable hints how to attract birds and how to hold them. Show many Cabins "at work" under natural surroundings. A copy of this booklet is gladly sent free on request if you mention G. C. EDUCATOR GIFTS AND PLAY PRODUCTS Mystic, Conn. U. S. A. ^iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig i'mall enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It"s your garden just the same. A ou love it. You want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange its paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistrv. House & Garden's Book of Gardens Is filled with the most enchanting gardens that ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and bulbs — plans and suggestions for landscape work — a complete gardener's calendar — these are some of its contents. And behind them all is the House & Garden Information Service, ready to answer additional questions on par- ticular pages that interest you. Can you imagine a more delightful S5 worth" Make your cheque payable to The Chronicle Press, Inc. 286 Fifth Avenue New York City Ask for Catalog Visit Nursery ROSES LILACS EVERGREENS RHODODENDRONS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES OUR GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW JAPANESE YEW The Hedge Plant of the Future and Evergreen for Everywhere Ask for special pamphlets We grow Nursery Products to complete Plantings of any Magnitude. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORP ^EW JERSEY giiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiMiiiNii Niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiuiiiiniiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiim The Contents for January, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 1 Sedum — Stone-crop Richard Rothe 9 Gardens of Annual Flowers in Shades of One Color Florum Amator I Michaelmas Daisies William Follcll 1 1 From Seed to Seedling and Planting Dr. E. Bade 1 2 Beautifying Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smith 14 Desert Vegetation Willard N. Clute 1 6 Telling Time by Flowers Bertha Berbert-H ammond I 7 Bon Sai: Culture of Dwarfted Trees in Japan. Kibosh Sal(amoto 1 8 Leaf Falls Without Frost Bite 20 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel C aiding 2 I The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. Forvkei 22 Garden Pests and Remedies 23 Training Young Men in the Gardening Profes- sion William Gra\) 24 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 25 National Association of Gardeners 27 Local Societies 29 Here and There 31 The CocDiunil Palm Published monthly, the 1 5th of each month. Subscription .... $2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 THE CHKONICLE PRESS. INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. Y. j MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor | I Entered at the New York Post OfUce as second class matter under the Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. I '~>iiHiiiii:iiiiiiiiitiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiii!iiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog Our 1922 Spring Catalog will be mailed to you, on request, if you are not regularly receiving it. Many New and Exhibition \arieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. 30-32 Barclay St. NJ e w York iniiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiin I f I <- aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) BitoIina cliaiiuccyparissiis. which pro- vide a grey tint in the [jlanting: Catalpa biaiionoidcs aiirca. a form with yellow leaves, very effective: Bcr- hcris ■:idgaris var. atvopnrpurca. the common purple leaved Barberry: Acer Xe^^undn ■zvricgafa. with silvery variegation; Acer XeLiimdu aurea. with yellow leaves; Corylus uiaxima atru purpurea, an extremely effective form with large leaves and the coloring of Copper Beech ; Diervilla dorida fariegata; Ligustrum ovalifolium vari- cgatum; L'linus eaiupcstris var. Louis van Houttc, a form of the English Elm having its leaves tinged with yellow and many variegated varieties of Ilex Aquifolimn. ^ ^ ^ The hot Summer and abundance of sunshine evidently proved satisfactory to aquatic plants in general and at Kew as at every other garden we visited, where aquatics were a feature, the water lilies were superb. The formal water garden at Kew is indeed beautiful and possesses one or two unusual features. The central part is occupied by a long pool rounded at each end. This is used for the cultivation of hardy water lilies which are planted in baskets of suitable soil. On either side are two rectangular tanks which are filled with soil almost to their brims. In these such plants are grown as require wet soil but which do not need to be submerged. At each corner there are tanks, raised 2'i ft. or sn above the level of the central pool and reaching to the height of the terrace which surrounds the water garden. Here may been seen a collection of miscellaneous aquatics, especially those kinds whose beauty is more apparent when subjected to the close inspection afforded by these raised tanks. On the ter- race and serving to enclose the pools is a beautiful hedge of Berberis stcnophylla which is kept sheared, but this apparently does not prevent it from blooming for it is reputed to be a wonderful sight in the Spring. It is a shrub that stands shearing well and forms such an ad- mirable, impenetrable hedge that one regrets that it is not sufficient hardy to stand our climate. In the back- ground one catches glimpses of an old red brick wall clothed with shrubs and climbers, and, back of this, trees ' of varied habit form an interesting skyline to which em- phasis is given bv the spire-like forms of one or two Lombardy Poplars. An interesting pool in another ])art of the garden re- ceives its water in the form of condensed steam from the pumping station. As a result of this the water never freezes over and it is possible to grow therein a number of plants which are usually looked upon as being tender. At the time of our visit, this pool was made gorgeous by water lilies of many hues : and its banks were at- tractive by reason of manv plants of subtropical appear- ance such as Thalia dealbahi and Zizania aquatic. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Holly Walk, or Avenue, consists of a wonderfully complete collection of species and varieties of Ilex, in- cluding over seventy varieties of English holly, planted on either side of a walk extending a distance of eight hundred yards. This collection ati'ords connoisseurs an admirable opportunity of studying the genus and the re- markable diversity of form w'hich Ilex aquifolinm ex- hibits. Probably in no other place would it be possible to find gathered together in one place so many distinct species and varieties. No fewer than ninety-seven are enumerated in the Kew "Handbook of Trees and Shrubs." The majority of these are, of course, evergreen. In ad- dition to the specimens in the general collection there are many superb holly hedges and also many sheared speci- mens to be seen in the vicinity of the formal garden near the great palm house. Probably no evergreen is better adapted to withstand dry conditions than these noble plants, and it was not only at Kew that we noticed the ability of hollv as a drought resistance tree. In Epping Forest, where' most of the trees and shrubs were in a parlous condition, the holly was apparently no bit the worse for the unusual drought. It is also tolerant of shade, and many fine specimens were seen growing al- most entirely overshadowed by large trees. What a pity English holly is not reliably hardy in our northern gardens ! The formal liedding at Kew is characterized by sim- plicit)- but at the same time it is rich and interesting. Carpet bedding is practically taboo. The onions had been dismissed from the parterre in front of the great palm house and it was gay with a variety of plants. The most conspicuous in this bright assemblage, strangely enough, were North American plants ; and yet we seldom see them used as bedding plants in our own country. The large central beds were occupied by tall growing pentstemons in light and dark red varieties and presented a truly magnificent appearance. The garden pentstemons have probably been derived from P. cobcca and P. Hart- ives,i. The 'former occur wild on the prairies from Kansas southwestward, and the latter is found in cool regions of Mexico. The garden forms that have been developed are a great improvement on the wild species and are extremeily valuable for bedding purposes m climates that suit them. Why is it that they are not used in Eastern North America? Are our Summers too hot or is it too much trouble to carry them over the Winter as rooted cuttings? The other North American plant to be seen here was in the form of an exceptionally fine strain of Phlox Drummondii. a native of Texas. This makes an admirable bedding subject if plants are raised from .seeds of a good strain and the long traihng growths pegged to the ground. Other materials used in this series of beds were half- dwarf snapdragons in mixture,— a remarkably fine strain such as we seldom see in this country; the yellow Cal- ccolarui amplcxicaulis, still a favorite in almost all Eng- lish bedding arrangements ; and a double Marguerite that we assumed to be the variety "Mrs. Sander." :■: 5!« sis It is the practice at Kew to make up beds of some particular variety or other that may be new, or one that may be new, or one that may be old. so far as date of prrxluction or introduction is concerned, but whose merits as a plant for bedding purposes are unrecognized. For example there was an immense circular bed filled entirely with a dwarf, double-flowered, pink hollyhock, the name of which we have unfortunately lost, these ])lants. al- though well grown, were not more than three or four feet in height and were wonderfully effective. Then too. there was a lavender colored Erigcron which, when seen massed in a bed about thirty feet by ten, was exception- ally good. W'e were unable to find a label on this plant, presumably someone had stolen it, but we assumed it to be the variety "Asa Gray." ^ :jc :}: When a garden contains something over 20,000 differ- ent species and varieties, as Kew does, it seems foolish to attempt to single out a few for special mention. And yet perhaps it may not be amiss to call attention to twc^ or three that made a special impression on us. Myoporiim pan-ifoliam seemed to possess great pos- sibilities as a decorative plant. It is an evergreen trailer with abundant shoots thickly clothed with small bright green leaves. Its flowers are white, sweet scented, and freely produced. At Kew it was grown in hanging bas- kets about one foot in diameter and from these the shoots, covered with myriads of flowers, depended to a length of at least four feet, completely covering the baskets. It is not by any means a plant new to gardens, and yet it is seldom seen nowadays. Bailey's Cyclopedia, in re- ferring to this plant says: "In 1883 it was stated in the Garden that for 20 years many thousand plants of it had been sold annually in the flower markets of Paris. One grower always had a stock of 30.000 plants." It is a native of Australia and succeeds in a cool house. A gigantic climbing honeysuckle Lonicera Hildc- hrandtiana, was diffusing its fragrance in the Temperate House. Its flowers, seven inches in length, are the largest known in the genus. They are variable in color, those of the plant at Kew being white at the time of opening, changing to yellowish-bufif as they age. This Lonicera coming, as it does, from Upper Burma is of course not hardy, but it is magnificent when grown in a cool house of sufficient size to accomodate it. The gigantic Birthwort. Artstolochia gigas, was ex- haling its disgustingly fetid odor in the water-lily house. It possesses larger flowers than any other plant that is amenable to cultivation and is only exceeded by the jmrasitic Rafflcsia Anwldii. which, so far as is known, has never been cultivated. Flowers have been produced on the .Iristolochia at Kew, 18 inches wide, 22 inches long, witli the stringlike appendage 42 inches in length : making the flower 64 inches from top to bottom ! The shape of the unopened flower buds inspired the common names "Goose Plant" and "Pelican Flower," while its reputed deadly effect when eaten by swine, was doubt- less responsible for the elegant title "Poison Hog-meat." :|; * * Despite unfavorable soil condition.s — Kew is founded on barren sand — there are many fine specimen trees, especially in the section occupied by the old Botanic Garden of 1760 which are far too numerous for even a tithe of them to be mentioned. For example there is a tree of our Persimmon. Drospyros znrginiana, planted in 1762, nearly 70 feet high with a trunk 2 feet in diameter: also a noble siiecimcn of Sophora japonka, 70 feet high, one of the original importation of 1753: and many fine examples of the "Ilex." Qiicrcus Ilex, an evergreen oak from Southern Europe, one of which is 50 feet in height, with a spread of over 70 feet and a trunk 12 feet in circimifercnce. Genius gets the world's praise because its work is a tangible jiroduct, to be bought, or to be had for nothing. It bribes the common voice to praise it by presents of speeches, poems, statues, pictures, or whatever it can please with. Character evolves its best products for home consumption; hut, mind you. it takes a deal more to feed a family for thirty vears than to make a holiday feast for our neighbors once or twice. — -Holmes. For January. 1922 Sedum — Stone-crop RICHARD ROTHE T! II'" number of species of the genus Scdiim — a niem- ])er of the order Cra^ssnlacca- — runs up to about one hundred fifty. A o-Iance over the trade lists from here and abroad shows great divergency in naming- and standard wortcs mention synonyms to an extent betraying ScdiiL tiic present chaotic state of the nomenclature of stone- crops. This, in some instances, renders it imjiossiijle for growers and the trade in general to absolutely guarantee correctness of name. Sedums are divideil in a dwarfy, low and dense grow- ing evergreen class and a more or less succulent, hardy, Si'duiH album herbaceous class of mostly medium height, species of both classes abounding within the temperate and arctic zones of northern hemisphere. The largest assortment in any of the American catalogs I have seen did not e.xceed the two dozen figure. By nature they prefer an open sunny rather dry situation, and when well estab- lished prove exceptionally resistible to hot weather and prolonged drought as well as to the most severe of even our northern Winters. Many of the low creeping ever- green species have frequently served as a most useful material for covering dry and sandy embankments, where grass growth turns brown every Summer. Scdiiiii acre. dasYl^iixHiim, :^!aHCHiti and lyduin glaucniii. on account of their l.iw and dense habit of growth, are the best mediums for tilling up crevices of rough slab stone walks and stairwork in formal gardens. Sedum album. Ezversi, reflexiim, spuriiiiii and stolonifenim are distinguished by creeping and more spreading growth and, for this rea- son^ best adapted for ground covering on a larger scale. The best known representative of the herbaceous class is Sedum sj^ectabile, the garden form of Sedum Fabaria, a lilac-purple flowering native of Central Europe. Of a sturdy erect growth, attaining a height from 15 to 20 inches, the large flowerheads of Sedum spectabile in handsome rosy pink or, if we prefer the new variety spectabile "Brilliant," in bright amaranth red, are a con- spicuous feature in the later Summer and early Fall dis- plays of many of our hardy borders. More recently I have seen this sedum occasionally used for mass effects with surprisingly good results. Sedum kanitschaticmn and Sichnldi. both hailing from the Far East, are special Sec! Kin s/^ccltibile favorites for dr_\- wall planting, while Sedum obtiixi- foliiim and the tallest growing of all, Telephinum piir- piireum. with their large brown or reddish brown leaves, are very interesting subjects for collectors. All the stone-crops have figured prominently in rockgarden plantings. Being late flowering, their red, pink, white, and yellow blossoms very noticably bri,ghten color arrays in gardens of our northern states. South of New Eng- land vividness of hue diminishes perceptibly. According to my observation the spec'es album, kamtschatienin, Sicboldl, spectabile and spitrium. throughout the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, thrive also in light or partial shade. Whoever contemplates using stone-crops for ground cover should enrich and prepare the soil to the same depth as required for a first class lawn. Herbaceous sedums are raised from seed or propa- gated by cuttings or division. Evergreen species are divided and replanted any time during the growing- season. The nations must be behind the statesmen, and that can onlv be if the nations are educated to distinguish between right and wrong in international as well as national affairs. Such capacity to distinguish is the ultimate sanction of law. — Public Opinion. London. England. 10 GARDE^ERS• CHRONICLE Gardens of Annual Flowers in Shades of One Color FLORUM AMATOR T HE majority of peojile. probably, like to have in their gardens flowers of many folors. but a con- siderable minority prefer to have flowers in shades of one color in their garden, making a more pronounced effect, rather than to have a motley of colors. The effect of flower gardens in shades of one color is enhanced, however, by edging all of their beds and bor- ders with low-growing plants whose flowers are of a dift'erent shade of color bringing out more sharply by contrast the main or body color of the garden. We will mention to illustrate our idea what may enter into the composition of one garden of this kind, for examjjle a garden in yellow, the color of the glorious sun which we all love. In the northern border of our yellow flower gardtn in the extreme background we will plant a row of the Chrysanthemum-flowered Sunflowers and in front of these a row each of the cncumcrifoUus varieties of Sun- flowers such as "Stella," "Orion," and "Perkeo." The Chrysanthemum-flowered variety, is tall and bears large double, golden yellow flowers with twisted petals ; the other three are single varieties with smaller flowers those of "Stella" being golden yellow with a black center, "Orion" yellow with twisted petals like those of a Cac- tus Dahlia, and "Perkeo," which is a continual bloomer, grows in bush form not more than 12 to 14 inches high and bears miniature yellow flowers. This northern Sun- flower border we will give an edging of Jgcraliini. "Swanley Blue," which grows about a foot high, and bears bright flowers. In another bed we will i)lant Huniicinaniua fuiiiari(c- folia, sometimes called Giant Tulip Poppy or Bush Eschscholtzia whose Buttercup-yellow, Poppy-like blooms are borne profusely from mid-July till hard frost on bushy plants about two feet high with handsome fern-like foliage. We will edge this bed with Ageratum, "Prin- cess Pauline," which grows about nine inches high, and has sky-blue flowers with white centers. We will have one bed of African, and another of French Marigolds, using those varieties only which bear flowers in shades of yellow and we will edge this bed with Ageratum "Little Blue Star," which grows about five inches high and bears bright blue flowers. Surely there must be one bed in our garden of that old time favorite. Calendula, "Pot Marigold," or "Shakes- peare's Marigold." which during the ]>ast few years has i)€Come very popular as a florist's cut flower. Of this also we will plant only those varieties which bear yellow flowers and we will ])lant as an edging for this bed another old time flower, namely, Myosotis palustris seni- f'crflorens, the true everblooming Forget-me-not. which everybody loves. In order to have every flower in our garden which bears the common name Marigold we may ])lant a small bed of Tagctes signata pumila, a compact dwarf bushy Marigold with fern-like foliage bearing jirofusely bright yellow flowers with brown stripes, and since this is a very iow-growing plant we will use as an edging the very dwarf Lobelia eompaeta, "Crystal Palace," which has dark blue flowers. Our bed of CoUiopsis will cmlnace only the yellow shades, and that of Gaillardkt the same shades of color and as these two kinds of flfjwers resemble each other to a considerable degree, we will use as ;in edging for both beds Bro-K'allia nana coinpacta. a charming little blue-flowered plant. The yellow varieties of Celosia plumosa. the newer, plumed type of the old time "Cock's Comb," particularly what is known as the Tlwmpsonii magniHca strain of the plumed type, will give us a yellow bed of flowers of an entirely different character than the others. This bed we may give an edging of Broivallia speciosa major whose flowers are a beautiful ultramarine-blue. Zinnia plants have not a very graceful form but some- how their very primness makes us like them, and a bed of the yellow-flowered varieties with an edging of Lobelia. "Emperor William," will add both to the variety and the effectiveness of our yellow garden. All of our beds so far have been filled with the well known flowers, but we will now fill a bed with a kind of flower not as commonly seen as its merits deserve, namely, with Bartonia aurea whose very bright golden flowers appear from June to September. This Bartonia grows only about a foot high, and we will edge this becl with Lobelia pumila splendens whose flowers are dark blue with a white eye. Salpiglossis, "Painted Tongue," is becoming popular in our American gardens, and deservedly so, and we will plant a bed of golden yellow Salpiglossis of the orchid- flowered strain, and edge our bed of this with another very prettv but in our country too little seen flower, naniel}-, rinla eornuta using the dark bltie variety, some- times called atropurpurea; if we were planting a blue garden we would have an entire bed of this and of the light blue variety of Viola. One bed in our garden should be planted with low- growing, free-flowering annual, lisehseholtrjia (Cali- fornia Poppy) preferably with the single variety "Golden West" and the double variety "Crocea" and for an edging to this bed, since Eschscholt::m. itself is a rather dwarf plant, we should have a very low-grower, and we will again use Ageratum, "Little Blue Star." We now have a garden of yellow-flowered annuals edged with low-growing blue-flowered annuals which will give us a two-fold result, namely, an abundance of flowers in yellow shades for cutting throughout the season, and a splendid display of yellow to greet the eye on every hand as we walk through our garden paths. One thing is sure, whatever the color of the flowers in our garden mav be. we should reserve one bed or border in it in which to grow sweet-scented greens for our bouquets, namely, a lialf-dozen or more of Rose- Scented and Lemon-.Sccnted Geraniums, of Aloxsia eitriodora (Lemon \"erbena), a dear old plant the fragrance of whose foliage is fit for angels. It will be necessary to buy strong ])lanfs of the Gera- niums and Lemon Verbenas in three- or four-inch pots out of which they can be trans]ilantcd into the garden bed. liesides these we should sow a considerable space with Mignonette using the varieties "Allen's Deliance" and "Machet." It may not be amiss to say in closing that our garden slinuld be dug deeply and the surface soil l>e made as "line .-IS silk" and our flower seeds sown in earlv l\la\- rather thicklv in very shallow drills and when Ihe )ilants are slill small they should be "thinned out" ruthlessly so that those which are left will stand from three inches to a foot apart according to the kind of ])lant whether l.-irire or small. For January. 1922 II Michaelmas Daisies WILLIAM FOLLETT WllKX one cun.siders the many yood qualities pos- sessed by the perennial asters, commonly known as the Michaelmas Daisies or Starworts, no won- der arises that this flower has been for many years and continues to be very popular in western Europe, and that it is fast coming into its own in its cultivated and im- proved forms on this side of the Atlantic. It is every- body's flower, being' easy to grow ; gives quick and good results at a mininnmi outlay; produces in most cases large, graceful sprays of daisy-like flowers; is unsur- passed for house decoration, and for brightening up the herbaceous borders, shrubberies, and other garden spots. In the Michaelmas Daisy we have shades of color enough to satisfy all tastes, ranging from the whites and the palest blues through the varied shades of lavender, deep blues and violet to a rich purple ; and from delicate pink to crimson, including shades of mauve and lilac so often sought. Two other ]TOints in favor of this beautiful flower are its great range of height and the period of its blooming ; varying from the Alpine varieties we so often see in rock gardens blooming in May and June and attaining a height of less than a foot, right on to suhacrulca, the large purple flower with a golden centre, which though borne on its stiiT, upright stem in June when there is an abundance of flowers, cannot fail to attract attention. Then with a short break in July, cer- tain varieties bloom on through the Summer and Fall months and often in November. After a frost which has cut down the blaze of colors sujjplied by dahlias and other more tender perennials and annuals, the Michael- mas Daisy still blooms. No perennial is more entitled to the prefix of hardy than is the aster, and the fact that the parents of most of our much admired varieties of today are natives of North America should not deter anyone from getting together a splendid collection. The fact of helping Na- ture to produce better flowers in the locality for which she intends them, should be a sufficient guarantee of satisfaction to the grower. Although the aster will stand nntch abuse, neglect in its cultivation is not justified. (Jne can often see a large clump which evidently has not been divided for vears, and sometimes the soil itself has passed from the firm stage and become very hard. The Michaelmas Daisy will thrive in almost any soil and situation, but generally does best in a fairly light soil and full sun. The taller varieties benefit by a certain amount of shelter from the wind, but if grown in a wet soil or in too much shade, the flowers are not borne in profusion. The strong growing sorts are better if divided each year ; with the others, every second year will suffice. The best time to divide the clumps is in the Fall as soon as the flowering is over, and when this is done, the beds should receive a good mulching of straw manure and leaves before the severe weather sets in, to prevent the clumps from being loosened and drawn out of the ground by the frost. The litter remaining in the Spring should be removed as soon as the weather opens, the remainder of the mulch being forked into the soil. The clumps can be divided in the Spring, but they would start at a dis- advantage to those moved in the Fall, the latter having made nice roots, so that for really fine blooms it is ad- visable to lift one old shoot of each variety in the Fall and winter it in a cold frame. In earlv Spring break u|j the old shoots and sort out the rhizomes, putting three or four in a four-inch jjol and growing along cool. When ready, plant them where they are desired to bloom with- out breaking the ball of soil. \\'here mass efifect is de- sired the first year, they should be planted closely : how closely must be governed by the number of spikes to the pot and the habit of the particular variety planted. \\'hen dividing a clump of long standing, retain only the outside portions, the centre of the plant, if not al- ready dead, will only produce spindle-like growth. When thinking of propagating, it is well to reiuember that the Michaelmas Daisy can be easily raised from seed. However, as seedlings cannot be relied upon to come true to color, they must be left out of any color scheme. Anyone sowing seed outside, or in a cold frame early in Spring, will undoubtedly derive much pleasure and interest in watching the flowers (often quite distinct from the parent) open in the Autumn, even if he does not secure any decided improvement to add to the al- ready long list of varieties. Though the plants are sheltered from high winds, it pays to stake the asters. This should be done when the stems are about half their mature height, and if a little care is used in placing the supports, within a week the stakes will cease to be an eyesore. Brushwood such as is used for peas is sometimes employed, but the neatest and most convenient when cutting is to ]-)lace straight stakes close to the clump and run about a strong, soft string. Although the Michaelmas Daisy is a native of this country, it w^as in Great Britain that the work of hybridiz- ing and improving it was first carried on to any great extent. About twelve or fourteen years ago. a number of good varieties were raised, including acris. albus, rosrns. cricoidcs, siipcrbits, and many more which still remain in spite of new ones each year. Of the newer varieties, one's mind naturally turns to "Beauty of Colwall" which heralded the double form, and with its mass of lavender blue flowers on stems about four feet in height, opening in September, it certainly is a thing of beauty. For those who prefer pink, there is "St. Egwin" with its lovely shade of pink seldom seen in the asters. It is not quite as tall as the preceding variety but of more bushy habit and is a general favorite. "St. Egwin" is one of the Noi'i-Belgii type as are so man}- of our best asters. Tw-o other types always popular are the Xoi'cc- Anglkc and Amellus of which the majority flower during August and September, notable exceptions being the good old stand-by, "Mrs. J. F. Rayner'' (criiuson), "Baldur." and "King Edward VII" which as a rule open in October. There are so many really excellent varieties it is impos- sible to name them all, but among the favored are Norm AnglUv and its varieties ruber and roseus which often reach six feet high and flower during October and Novem- ber. In contrast comes "Esme" of the N ovcv-B elgii class which attains slightly 'over a foot in height, the com- jiact little plant being covered with large white flowers. Xox'i-RcJgii, "Climax," lavender blue, and "Feltham Blue" are deserving of being in every collection, as does also "Mauve Cushion." a dwarf bushy plant which has large mauve and silver flowers in October and November, varving on the same plant from a few inches high on the outside to nearlv a foot in the centre of the plant, hence the name. (Contiinicd on [yagc 2,i) 12 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE From Seed to Seedling and Planting DR. E. BADE ALOXCi ihf old dirt road which winds itself throu.L^li meadows and fields, a bean has been lustily climli- ing upon the rough rail fence through the Suni- nur months. How it ever came to this lonely spot, for- saken by all its kind, who knows? At any rate it was still here in the Fall sturdily, twining itself about the woodwork, still dowering indefatigably. It ripened its fruits which were tilled with seeds and had no thought for the coming Winter. The first frost of the Fall at- tacked its vital spark of life, bringing it to its death in one night. The moisture was taken from the leaves by the moodv winds. The Autumn sun burned everything brown, even the seed shells and after they were com- pletely dried, thev burst. Loosely and white, like shining teeth,' the full fniit hung: for their production, the entire life of the plant was devoted. Although the old Dlant the seed coat bursts ; the tiny root peeks shyly forth, and as they grow larger, they seek for the easiest and quickest way of disappearing into the soil. It makes no difference in what position the seed may lie, the root always grows downward. If the seed should lie in such an awkw-ard position that the root must grow upward in order to grow out of the seed, then it grows in a semicircle back to the earth as if it were afraid of the sun. The primary roots have the power of growing downward. This is the result of gravity acting on all parts of the plant organism, and this force requires a growth in the direction of the earth's center, growth in a vertical direction. If under any circumstances the root should be placed in a horizontal position, then the Germinating bean sect! bri-aking through the soil. The bean /it'o days later. The gerniiuatinii seed four days after hreakini^ lhlislied ils |)ur- pose in life and the next year will see still more beans twining their green vines about the old fence. It is a ])eculiar thing, such a seed. When taken in the hand and examined, it does not show the least trace of life ; it seems to be a dead thing, no more alive than the frost killed mother plant. In spite of this the seed is not dead : but only awaiting more favorable conditions under which it can unfold itself. For this dormant life in the seed, the mother plant has fully provided and has worked diligently to give the seed everything that the young seedling may require during the first stages of its life. The embryo is the only thing which is tiny but the food cotvledons l>etween which the seedling is placed, are large and rich. This tiny embryo has its root, stem, and a pair of leaves. The cold winds of northern storms and the Winter's icy breath pass the seed uninjured. I'.ut when the air is balmy and warm, when Siting loosens the moist and frozen soil, then is the period for germination. The seed cagerlv absorbs all available moisture : it swells : force of gravity, acting whicli lie just back of the root li]). [iroduce a cnr\alurc in \hv root so that it grows downw.'ird again. The root is afraid of, and always turns away from, the light. Hut that region of the root which perceives the force of gravity is entirely difierenl from that part of the root which resolves the force, or the response of this stimulus into action. Only the youngest cells of the cylindrical root tip are sensitive to gravity as well as chemical and physical stimuli. This section is only a few millimeters in length, and the response is found at a ])lace about one quarter of an inch above the i)lace of stimulation. Here the root is curved so that it points downward, and this is accom- l)lished by an unef|ual growth of tlie upper ;ind kiwer epidermal root cells. The tip of the root is jirotected by a root cap wliich is similar in shajie to the thimble of the dressmaker, and il protects the delicate tissues as it jienetrates (he soil. The roni fulfills a two-fold duty for the plant: b'irst. i\ anchors lo the soil, and second, it absorbs soil moisture For Junuury, 1922 13 containing mineral salts in solution necessary for the life of the plant. I>"or the latter purpose the roots have innumerable tiny hairs just behind the growing tip capa- ble of absorbing moisture through their cell walls. The water, containing mineral salts in solution, is transferred from cell to cell until the conducting tissues of the root are reached. From here they are taken to all parts of the plant, especially to the leaves, where, in the presence of chloro]>hyll, carbon is taken from the air and mixed with the water and salts and thus organic matter is pro- duced in sunlight. Without the chlorophyll found in the leaves, the plant can not utilize the mineral salts in solu- tion of the soil waters. The young seedling which we have jusl left through this necessary digression, as it was about to bore its roots into the ground, can not use the salts absorbed with the moisture for the production of food. But growth is not possible without the assimilation of food. Therefore it utilizes the cotyledons and draws its food from them until the first pair of leaves have been fullv tinishcd organic [jroducls arc led In ihc \ari(iiis parts of the plant. All surphis water evapor;itcs iliniu^h ihe stomata. The entire plant consists of ;i series of carbonaceous jiroducts which it has produced but which do not all consist of carbon dioxide and water alone. In the green chlorophyll containing tissues oi the leaves, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil produce formic acid, an organic substance, and during its manu- facture free oxygen is given off as a waste product. Further transformation takes place: the formic acid is changed to formaldehyde and more free oxygen is pro- duced. I'inally grape sugar is manuf;ictured. This pro- cedure is dejjendent upon a sufficient quantity of day- light, and does not take ])lace at night, lint Ihe first tangible product produced is starch which is found about the grains of chlorophyll. This starch is the most im- portant product, and from it, the plant does, with the aid of other salts, produce nearly all other plant materials. The most essential are the carbohvdrates, sugar and 10 t A day later the first /ruiv.? bc;^in to unfold. Tlw next day the leaves are unfolded. One day later the new shoot has begun its devejoptnent. developed. Now an uninterrupted stream of water passes through the plant from the roots to the leaves, which is then manufactured into food material with the aid of soil salts. The explanation for the rise of the sap is complicated. It is not dependent upon any one factor but upon many. Some of the more important are the transpiration or evaporation from the leaves which causes the water to rise in the conducting tissues, /. c. it pulls the water up- ward, the osmotic pressure of the roots which forces the water upward, also the diffusion of liquids and the turgidity of the cell which have their effect. Then there is the imbibing and absorption of liquids through the various membranes of the cell, and the capillary at- traction which plays a far greater part than is supposed since the conducting tubes are microscopically thin. There is also the cohesive force of water which, in a very thin tube, as experiments have shown, is excessively large, hundreds of pounds' pull being necessary to force the hairlike column of water apart, etc. The sap, when it arrives in the leaves, is manufactured with the aid of chlorophvll and the carbon dioxide of the air into organic material which is used by the plant for the purpose of reconstructing and building up of new tissues. These cellulose, then the fats, and finally proteids of which asparagine, especially found in asparagus, is the most important. These three groups are sufficient for the production of all plant organisms. The wanderings of the products manufactured in the leaves and in other places to those places where they are either stored or used is most complex as the plants do not have an open circulation and transportation sys- tem. Transportation must proceed through those closed cells which only too often close the conducting tissues. The only place where the translocation of substances can be directly observed is in the leaf and the only substance which can be observed is starch. In order that it may be transported from one place to another it must first be prepared for its journey, which is accomplished through enzymes. These are peculiar substances with only partly known chemical composition and having the property of transforming large quantities of material into a soluble form, that can pass through the well wall. This soluble material is changed back again to starch after it has passed through the wall, thus disturbing the equilib- rium of the surrounding cells which then pass more sugar into this cell. Therefore the starch is not carried {Continued on page 17) GARDEISERS' CHROr^lCLE Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH IX presenting one or two articles upon tlie above subject, we propose to deal with it briefly from two main aspects, the underlying principles and the practical carrying out of those principles. While the whole practice of Horticulture is undoubtedly an Art, that part of it known as Landscape Gardening calls for the fullest appreciation of, and the carrying out of the highest artistic principles. We use the term Land- scape hardening in preference to that of Landscape x\rch- itecture. for ' the simple reason that Architecture, in its proper sense, as being llie art or science of building, has in itself no direct connection with garden- ing. It is fashionable we know in some quarters to use those calling themselves Landscape Architects to plan home grounds, parks, etc., but the term is really a mis- nomer, as architecture in its true sense deals only with inanimate materials, like wood and stone, and these with other dead things can be combined artistically or the reverse. If one desires a somewhat higher-sounding title than Landscape Gardener there appears to 1>e no objection to that of Landscape Artist, although this may quite as well refer to one cajjable of arranging colors so as to produce a beautiful picture upon canvass, as to one who can create the same thing upon the surface of the ground by using living plants. Landscape is eminently a line art. The enumeration of painting, sculpture and architecture as the only fine arts is seriously deficient, although it has wide currency. A fine art creates organized beauty, unites many dis- similar parts into one harmonic whole. In this respect landscape gardening stands upon a level with other fine arts, and in some respects it even surpasses them. The fact that some who ]>ractice landscape art are absolutely wanting in artistic taste does not affect the question, as the same deficiency is to be found among followers of other arts, although unfortunately the landscape gardener or the landscape architect can get away with and get ])aid for. inartistic work with greater ease than the others. To some people the art of land.scape gardening is only apijlicahle to landed estates and public parks. This, how- ever, is far from being the case, in fact from some points of view, it is more difficult to handle artistically a very small ])iece of ground than it is an extensive area. The fundamental principles of landscape gardening inay be applied to home grounds regardless of their size. No matter how small and modest they may l>e there are rules to observe if vou want your surroumlings cliarming and attractive. Mrs. \'an Kcns-elacr. in her delightful book, .hi out of Doors, which deals with the theory but not with the practice of landscape art. wrote: "If now we ask when and where we need this Fine Art, must not the answer be, whenever and wherever we can touch the surface of the ground and the i)Iants it bears with the wi.sh to pro- duce an organized result that shall ])lease the eye. It does not matter whether we have in mind a great park or a small city square, a large estate or a modest door- yard, we must go about our work in an artistic spirit if we want a good result. Two trees, six shrubs, a sera]) of lawn and a dozen flowering plants may form either a beautiful little picture or a huddled disarray of forms and colors." A s.(>n(] deal is heard from time to lime re.garding varicns "stvles" of gardens. Some large places have their so-called Dutch garden, Italian garden, and so on. To the uninitiated, these names may have a superior sound, but they generally mean nothing, and i have yet to see an Italian garden in this country which has any special or real relation to the typical gardens of Italy. There is of course no particular harm in extensive grounds containing" different gardens entirely separate from each other, laid out in different manners ami giving them any name one desires, so long as the artistic unity of the whole is not impaired; for after all, '"What's in a name?" It does not matter a great deal what kind of designation is given to any particular garden, the main thing to be considered is whether it is artistic and has been laid out with good taste, an harmonious whole, having for its fundamental principle, naturalness ; or on the other hand if it contains numerous discords, has stiff- ness and formality for its basic principles, and is therefore unnatural. Producing a garden of the latter kind is not landscape gardening at all, inasmuch as it has nothing in common with landscape, although such gardens are un- fortunately frequentlv planned by those calling them- selves landscape architects. In this connection a definition of real landscape gardening suggests itself namely that it is the art of making a garden which shall be a landsca])e or picture. There is no reason why we should not have true art in the garden, and no reason why a garden should be ugly, bare or conventional. The word art as used here is "power to see and give form to beautiful things" and this is based on the study of and love for Nature. The work of the artist is always marked by its fidelity to Nature, and all deviation from the truth of Nature, though it niay jiass for a time, is, in the end. classed as drhascd art. ' ' There are people who object to the term "natural gardening" as being ine.xact, inasmuch as no gardening result is absolutely natural, but at the most only natural- istic. While to some extent this may lie true, at the same time the word natural is used in contradistinction to that of mmatural. for behind the contents of a natural garden sits ])rimeval Nature, but Nature "to advantage dressed"; Nature stamped with new qualities, led to new con- clusions by man's skill in selection, and artistic combina- tion. A natural garden i> man's transcript of the wood- land world: it is connnon vegetation ennobled: wild scenery neatly writ in man's small hand, and is .Xature's rustic language made fluent and intelligible. .■\s there is uf) godd |iicture wliich does nut purtray the beaulv of natural things, so no garden from a land- sca])e ])oint of view can be good unless it grou|)s living tilings from a natural way. P.y this it is not meant that we .should reproduce in a garden exact fac-similes of Nature's plantings, but that by adopting the fundamental principles set forth in the wild growth of herbs, shrubs •and trees, we shall be able to see and feel everywhere in our gardens the sjiirit of Nature softened and refined bv .\rt. Whatever the character of a natural landscape, discord is unknown for everything in Nature always liarmonizes. and it is in the avciidance of discords that the landscape gardener shows his skill more tli.in in .'Uiy other way. In creating a honu — b\- llic word hume w c mean a house and its accessories, with the surrounding grounds — it is obvious that some unnatural features nnist be introduced. For Jdiitiary, 1122 15 and naturalness is therefore to a greaitT or lesser extent lost by the erection of buildings, the making of drives, walks, tS;c. In the nature of things in the country these features must form part of the home landscape, and it is important that the house, whatever its size, should har- monize with its environment. Too often one sees resi- dences more or less palatial set in the midst of puny, in- significant surroundings, the house being several times too large for the garden, and quite as frequently an artistic landscape is seen to be spoiled by mansions the reverse of artistic and which are merel_\- examples of vulgar ostentatiousness. A style of architecture suitable for a private house or a public building in a city, or for an institution, where the architectural features of the buildings are the only things to be considered, is quite out of place as part of a land- scape. A country house should not only be in harmony with the country, but its size should not be altogether out of proportion to t1ie grounds in which it is set. and it should be as simple and unobtrusive as possible. It is these latter characters which enable such charmingly artistic eti'ects to be obtained when the house is built on the bungalow style, and it is certainly a source of pleasure to all lovers of the beautiful to see that this kind of house is becoming at the present time more popular; apart from artistic considerations, those who have ever lived in a properlv designed bungalow prefer that kind of house to anv other. The next best style for harmonizing with the country, when a house of more than one story is desired, is that known as the half-timbered. The objec- tion sometimes heard that houses built in this manner are not lasting has no foundation in fact, as we know of many that were Iniilt over three hundred years ago which are toda> perfectly sound. But after all it is the undue prominence that is given to the house which oiTends the artistic eye. A country house may be as roomy as the owner considers necessary for his requirements, but large piles of brick and stone several stories tall are out of place in connection with a country home. AIan\- instances have come within the writer's knowledge, where, after erecting a large resi- dence, the owner has expressd himself as being unable to afford to do much in the way of planting the grounds surrounding it : cases of this kind are unfortunate ex- amples of the want of good taste. In the country the style and size of the house should have some relation to the ground surrounding it, other- wise the creation of an artistic home is impossible. One would not buy a landscape painting in which four-fifths of the canvas was taken up with the portrayal of build- ings, although no artist would be at all likely to paint a picture of that kind. Frequently the landscape possibilities of a home have irreparable harm done to them by the manner in which the house is placed upon the ground, even when such is in itself artistic, and in this connection much good could be done bv the designer of the house and the landscape man getting together before anything is done even when the smallness of lot does not leave much room for choice in position. Then, too, considerable more harm is frequently done to the features of a home as a complete artistic unity by the designer of the house indticing the owner to consent to the erection of more or less numerous detached. heavily constructed pergolas about the grounds, a prac- tice which appears at the present time to be unfortunately upon the increase. Among several new homes I have recently come across with this bad feature connected with them, there is one in which the surroundings have been especiallv spoiled bv this means. The area of tiic place is scarcelv more than half an acre in extent and ahhough the house is really too large for the ground it is an artistic one and constructed in such a manner and of such material as not to present any loud note of dis- cord. But the whole thing has been blemished by four or five pergolas being stuck about. One has been placed in the center of the front lawn and is of heavy timber upon a brick foundation ; altogether an element of un- naturalness has been introduced of a grossly jirimounced and discordant character. These pergolas or trellises are al\\a}s ineconcilable with a tastefully laid out garden and are reallv as bad there as billboards are in connection with natural landscape. When they form part of the house, or are connected with it in creating a covered way over a much frequented walk leading to somewhere they are not so much out of place, especially if so con- structed as to be easily and quickly covered with plant growth. While a summer-house is an unnatural feature it may be so placed and camouflaged as to be a pleasant ■-pot in which one may sit and quietly enjoy the beauties of the garden even on a wet day if the roof is rain-proof. On the other hand a summer-house may be, and often is, a very monster of ugliness. l')Ut any of these features, of whatever character or construction, and wherever placed, are always excres- cences and points at which naturalness is more or less lost, and which, therefore, require careful treatment and thoughtful good taste to adapt them quite to the best interests of the complete unity of the natural composition. If landscape gardeners possessing real artistic tastes were more often called in to advise upon the whole scheme of home creation there would be fewer eyesores about the country. ]\I(}re often than not landscape men are handicapped at the onset of their work by what has been done by other people previously to their seeing the place. It is of comparatively little use creating har- monious effects about one part of the home if loud, dis- cordant notes are always in evidence at other parts. The effect of the want of complete harmony thus produced is frequently felt even when the cause is unknown to the individual having this feeling. An estate owner once said to me : "We feel there is something wrong here, but don't know what it is." So long as a feeling of that kind exists it will be impossible for anyone to .gain the full benefits from a home in the country that would other- wise be the case as it is scarcely possible for exhausted nerves to gain much vigor when continually surrounded with discords. It is therefore of the first importance to realize that something more than a well laid out and cared for garden is necessarv for the creation of a com- liletelv harmonious country home. An Ideal Investrticnt United States Treasury Saving Certificates S25 denomination for $20 $100 denomination for $80 $1,000 denomination for S800 On Sale at Post Offices and Banks 16 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE Desert Vegetation WILLARD N. CLUTE II'" you leave it to the dictionary, n desert is a region alnn)st destitute of moisture and vegetation but this definition does not entirely satisfy the botanist. Me knows of various regions on the earth where, notwith- standing an abundance of water, plants are few and far between, and on the other hand, he is familiar with the fact that many other areas, regarded as deserts, may be veritable flower-gardens for pari of each year. In the Arctic regions and on mountain tops, for instance, there is plenty of water but in a form which plants can- not use. There are other soils in which a considerable amount of salt prevents the growth of plants, just as we ]iut salt on grass to kill it. \'or are all regions in which there is a heavy rainfall regions of luxuriant vege- tation. In many cases the rainfall runs off so ra])idly, or sinks so deeply into the soil, or evaporates so quickly that plants can get little of it. In still other regions the moisture may fall during the colder part of the year instead of in the growing season. iMom these considera- tions we perceive that a desert is not ])rimarily a region of little water, but a region in which little water is avail- able to plants. There are clearly two kinds of dry soils: the physically dry soil that is actually dry and the physio- logically dry soil that may have plenty of water and still be dry to plants. In either case the conditions give rise to desert vegetation. It is usually the physically dry soil that one thinks of when the desert is mentioned. There are many such in the warmer ]>arts of the earth. They are commonly located behind mountain ranges that cut oft the moisture- hearing winds, though sometimes that is due to the fact that the prevailiiig winds blow from regions where there is little moisture to begin with. The extreme type of such an area in the cactus desert in which only the most resistant i)lants like the cacti, yuccas, and agaves can exist. The soil here is never covered with vegetation, partly because of the difficulty new plants find in getting started and jiartly because of the unfavorable conditions for life afterwards. The soil itself is often quite fertile and yields abundant crops when su]iplied with water as we see in the irrigated regions of our Southwest. Left to itself, however, vegetation assumes very curious and interesting forms. The stems are either condensed as in the various sjjecies of cactus, or underground as in the yuccas. Leaves are usuallv small or absent and the work of food-making is carried on by the stems. ^^'hen the leaves are present, they are likely to resemble those of the yucca with a hard thick epidermis that ef- fectually retards evaporation. .\ few species produce thinner leaves during the rainy season and droji them Ijromptlv at the first signs of dessication. ".Switch- plants" with slender leafless stems naturally abound. The roots of desert plants spread widely through the soil ready to absorb any moisture that falls and not fre- quently acting as storage organs for it. In a majoritv of the plants, however, the storage organs are above .ground in stem or leaves which are often greatly thickened for the purpose with special cells for holding the water and a mucilaginous juice to aid in preventing evaporation. Nearly all desert plants have a grayish appearance which may he due to a ])rotecting coating of hairs, scales or waxy matter. The epidermis also may be thickened to form a layer of cuticle and the breathing pores, or stomata, are small and commonly sunk in the tissues of the leaf. When the desert has a distinct rainy season, large numbers of short-lived annuals mav appear. These spring up. ripen their seeds and comj)lete their life cycle before dryness overtakes them. .Such species are usually "rosette-plants" with leaves radiating in all directions from the top of the stem which does not rise above the soil. The dandelion is a good illustration of a rosette- plant in more hospitable regions. Other species with a longer term of life avoid the extreme heat and drouth by casting off their aerial parts during the dry season are retreating under ground, as it were. These are known as "geophilous ]jlants." A few mosses, lichens and fernworts simply dry up until a moi.st season returns when they resume growth again. Some of these are sold as curios under the name of "resurrection plants." Extreme dryness, is not the only noticeable character- istic of the desert. ( hving to the lack of moisture, clouds are few and the insolation great but the heat is not oppressive because of the general dryness. Because of the absence of moisture, also, the air and soil cool very rapidly after sunset and may become decidedly chilly before morning, even in the height of Smnmer. The great differences in temperature that thus develop cause high winds which blow the sand into hillocks and dunes leaving large areas absolutely bare of vegetation. .Sand-storms, that oblige one to suspend all travel until thev pass, frequently occur. The water-courses may be numerous, but thev seldom contain water except im- mediately after a rain. Here and there in the desert, the water comes to the .surface in springs or seeps and the adjacent area takes on some of the aspects of more fertile regions. Elsewhere the plants form low grounded clumps and give the whole landscape a tufted api^ear- ance. In desert regions with a distinct r.ainy period, the cac- tus desert gives place to verv ditTerent forms of plants known as sclcroplivlls. with small hard leaves which may be retained throughout the year. The well-known grease- wood, rabbit-lirusb ;'nd sage-brush, and various species of Atriplcx. form the major part of such vegetation forms though there are survivals from the cactus desert such as the pricklv pear, numerous yuccas, and the ever- present ]\Tormon-tea or joint-fir. In the direction of heavier rainfall this sort of desert merges into the j'jlains and often contains a number of hardier species of other regions such as the thistle, ttniible-weed. evening jirim- rose, milkweed, sunflowers and other composites. The one-seeded juniper and the piiion pine may be foimd in scattered clumps but everywhere the woody vegeta- tion has a stmited and starved appearaijce with an abundance of thorns and prickles. Coming to the deserts of moist regions we find excellent examples in the dunes which the wind often piles uji in sandv places. These are deserts due in part to the sterility of the soil and in part to the fact that the rain- fall soaks into the soil so quickly. The interior of the dune is often, perhaps always, moist and dune plants have long roots adapted to securing the moisture from an extensive area. A pectdiar flora characterizes the dunes. Among tvpical plants are the sand violet, the hoarv pea. the huckleberi-y, wintergreen. sand cherry, bavberry. sweet fern, bear berry, bnlterfly-weed, beach grass and such trees as cottonwood, jack pine and black oak. Rosette plants and switch plants are common and mingled with the other vegetation the prickly pear per- sists. The cliff is another kind of ;\ dc'^ert due to its general For January. 1922 17 impervionsness to moisture. Though often closely as- sociated, the floras of dune and cliiif are usually quite different, thout^h some species may grow in either place. The cliffs support a large number of "crevice plants" which are in reality rosette plants with long slender roots which they send into the crannies in search of moisture. The harebell and various columbines, saxifrages and cresses are typical forms. Here are also found such "cushion plants" as pinks and phloxes in addition to mosses, ferns and lichens. In the cold deserts the mosses and lichens may form the bulk of the vegetation though there are often many cushion plants as well as rosette plants and mat-plants, represented by such forms as the gentians, primroses, phloxes, pinks and the like. In regions where cold puts an end to [jlant growth for a part of each year, we find assemblages of jilants known as tropophytcs or turning plants because for ])erhaps half of the year they have all the aspects of the plants of perennially moist regions while for the other half they appear like desert plants or xerophytes, dropping their leaves, disappearing underground, existing as annuals and in other ways behaving as desert plants do. Even in warm regions may be found certain kinds of tropo- ]>hytes that drop their leaves because dryness stops their growth. There is one group of plants that may be rep- resented in both regions. This is the coniferous group represented by the pines and their allies. The slender leaves with thick epidermis are admirably adapted to retard transpiration whether they be exposed to cold or drouth. They are practically desert plants and we may therefore find them on sand dunes, in the cold north, on rocky cliffs or in dry regions near the equator. Telling Time by Flowers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND III n'cry cupsc and sheltered dcll. Unveiled to the obsenvnt eye, Are faithful monitors who tell HoTV pass the hours and seasons bv. The green-robed children of the Spring Will mark the periods as they pa^s; Mingle with leaves Time's feather d wing And bind with flowers his hour glass. — (T. Smith). AS the natural divisions of time are marked by the lunar month and the true solar day and solar year, so the variations in Flora's calendar are recorded by the change of seasons. Note of time is taken by numbers of blooming plants that possess the striking characteristics of opening and closing their blooms at a certain season or definite time of day. The .Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, observed this peculiarity in over forty varieties of plants, and is said to have utilized this property in forming a unique dial of flowers. Mrs. Hemans com- ments on the beauty of this idea as follows : 'Twas a lovelv thought to mark the hours As they floated in light away, Bv the opening and the folding flmvers That laugh to the Summer's day. Thus had each moment its own rich hue; And its graceful cup or bell. In whose colour'd vase might sleep the dew. Like a pearl in an ocean shell. Yet is not life, in its real flight, Mark'd thu.s — even thus — on earth. By the closing of one hope's delight. And another's gentle birth ? Oh ! let us live, so that flower by flower Shutting in turn, may leave A lingerer still for the sun-set hour, A charm for the shaded eye. Some years ago a gentleman residing in New Orleans who had closely studied this remarkable property of plants, constructed in his garden, which contained inter- esting plants from nearly every clime, a large floral clock in which are massed and carefully arranged in a circular bed twenty-four kinds of plants, each variety being planted opposite to the hour at nr near which its flowers would open. In this dial, the Portnlaea which was chosen to represent twelve o'clock is said to have never varied more than ten minutes of the noon hour in the opening of its flowers. The old-fashioned Four o'Clock, dependable to represent the hour indicated by its common name, was planted in the proper position and the Nyctago was planted at five. The Evening Primrose appeared at seven and the evening hours were assigned to night bloomers, the mid- night hour being graced by the Cactus known as the Night Blooming Cereus. Though not a part of the time-telling scheme, a large pair of vine-covered, wooden clock hands were added to give a more realistic touch to the design. In more recent days, a I'rench botanist is said to have carried out the bright idea of a floral timepiece by laying oiU a circular flower bed of twelve sections, intended to mark only the twelve daylight hours, beginning with the opening, at about seven in the morning, of the water lilv and ending with the opening of the Evening Prim- rose. If desired the idea could be worked out to a greater extent by noting also the span of life enjoyed by the various flowers utilized. By careful observation of the opening and the closing habits of plants, it is thus quite possible to construct a floral dial that will prove a fairly accurate time keeper. FROM SEED TO SEEDLING AND PLANTING (Continued from page 13) in an unbroken stream of sugar but it is deposited and redissolved as it passes from cell to cell. In this way the starch is finally brought either to a place of storage, or to where it is to be used. It is probable that the proteids behave similarly, but they can not be observed. The organic materials necessary for plant nourishment are not used without a change taking place ; through chemical work they are turned into new and manifold products, a few of them being now made synthetically in the laboratory. The plant can not turn starch or sugar directly into proteids with nitrates or sulphates. Without a doubt many intermediate steps are necessary before the final product is reached. But the "how" and the "what" are still problems for the future. 18 GARDE^'ERS' CHROISICLE Bonsai: Culture of Dwarfed Trees in Japan KIYOSH SAKAMOTO TllI'^ Japanese people lo\e to rear llowers and herbs in a i)orcelain or earthen pot. Snch a cuhure is clistinsnished hy the name of "lionsai" ( hterally, pot-cnhivation I. This ddincstic liorticulture is a favor- ite hobby both for hij;h and low throni^honi the length and breadth of the Empire. .\s for the size of the pots, used in this special art, these range from large ones to be carried about by several strong hands to small ones that will roll off at'a slight push with a single finger. A pot portable with two hands is the most general size, as is easily inferred from the nature of the art. The secret of the delight of "bonsai" lies in the repro- duction of a piece of natural scenery in a tiny spot. Seen in such a light, mere rearing will not serve the purpose. A plant must be made to appear in a pot as if it were standing on a hillside. ■'Ijonsai'' embraces many methods with special names respectively, according to kinds of plants and their dif- ferent ways of rearing. For example : (A) Solitary style: a single tree set up straight and towering in a pot. (B) Twin style: a tree parting at or just above the root into two great trunks and looking like the letter "U" or "V" at a little distance. (C) Bristling style: many branches coming up from the same trunk, with the appearance of a brush laid in a pot. (D; Promiscuous style: several trees or plants of the same kind or of ditTerent kinds mixed so that a little piece of ground in a pot may appear like a plain or a hill. (E; "Neagari"' style: a fork-like root peeping high about the ground. (F) Cliff style: the trunk and branches bent downward as will be seen on the surface of a hillside or a cliff. (G) Half-cliff style: this is a mixture of a combination of the solitary style and the cliff style. (H) Embracing style: a tree planted on a piece of rock and the foliage embracing the rock. Pots to be used in "bonsai" should be carefully se- lected, and the choice depends upon contours and colors of plants. The pot and the plant must harmonize with each other. If you fail in this first step, the fintst plant and the costliest pot will avail nothing. Pots are as a rule of porcelain, or earthen. Their shapes are circular, square, oblong, oval, etc. Unfigured pots are in great favor. Dark-brown color is most de- sired. These dark-brown pots originated in China, but recently many imitations have been produced in Japan. (a) The plant which harmonizes with an oval or circular pot must have a round profile, no ins and outs being seen along the lines from the top to the lowest branches. fb) The square-shaped pot wauls tlic plain to be long-branched in its lower part and remarkably shnrt-hranched in its upper part (c) The deep-bottomed pot is used to fit in well with the ''cliff" style plant. (d) RoHea japonica and the orchid arc provcrliially |ilantcd in the pots of genuine Chinese make. (e) Water-plants and sea-weeds are placed in water basins. Judging from the affiresaid statement one might imagine that "bonsai" costs pretty dear, ([tiite beyond the reach of those of moderate means. Vnr from it. .\ pine- tree which you get for a few cents, if planted properly in a jKit, will prove a feast to your eyes. The essence f)f the art lies in cultivation and method of protection. You will become a skilled "bonsai artist" only after many years of close study and experience. The plants to be used in "pot horticulture" had best be reared from young sprouts. I'y this means you can modify them in any way or form von like. Young sprouts can he had on occasion of your rambling in the fields or mountains. If you tend them with care for three years, you will be blessed with a little luxury for your eyes. Two years more, and your favorite plants will be the center of admiration from your friends and neighbors. The sijroui must have a shapely contour and fantastical branches. Its lower branches and the root are expected to be s])ecially strong. The trunk should be as straight as straight can be. According to such a standard selec- tion must be made. The young plant is to be placed first in a rough-lxiked earthen pot. Such a pot makes irrigation easy and sel- dotu spoils the root by the stagnation of water or fer- tilizer in the soil. Yet in Summer watering is indis- pensable at least twice a day. The sprout, fresh from plain or hillside, usually has a straight root. When you transplant this into a pot, you luust not forget, first of all, to cut to a proper length and then put the plant into a deep pot after the remaining root is coiled. The soil in the pot should be a coiupound of 60 per cent of ordinary soil and 40 per cent of decayed leaves ; if the plant is taken from a deep valley among large luountains. If the plant happens to hail from a hillside near a village, 80 per cent of ordinary soil and 20 per cent of horse manure will afford a suitable cul- ture medium. After all, the soil should be kept as near as possible to the natural soil native to the plant. .\ sprout that is one or two years old requires more fer- tilizer than its older brothers. If the sprout grows old enough to be provided with "chief" branches, "small" branches and "bag" branches (these three kinds of l)ranches are indispensable elements in forming a jMece of "bonsai" art), the next step to be taken is to transplant the plant into a larger pot. If you leave your plant in the pot too long, it will have its upper boughs strong and its lower boughs weak. On the other hand, to trans- jjlant it when too young is out of the question. In the process of final transplantation special attention must be paid to the position of the plant. If you fail in this part of the procedure, you will do gross injustice to your pot. however much of a rarity it may be. If the top of the plant tends to the left, you should set it a little to the left side of the pot, and vice z'crsa. To place your plant just in the middle of the pot is the last step you should think of taking. To plant one tree in a i>ot is an easy thing, but to place two trees reqtiires much skill and tact. In such a case you should select a tall tree and a little shorter tree. These two are to l>e iilanti'd, one a little nearer to repre- sent a forest in miniattirc in this small world of a pot. The maxinnim to be used in a pot is ten plants of one genus. The soil in the pot should be so heaped that the part where the plant peeps above the surface is the top of a small mound. The root of the plant appears a little aliove the top. The foot of the motuid is a little lower than the brim of the pot. To cover the surface of the soil with deep green moss largely contributes to the eleganci' of the potted tree. There are mosses and mosses ; for example, the mildew- looking moss which grows on a forest tree among moun- tains, the beard-like silvery moss which is found on the shady side of a trunk, and what not. Whatever kind of moss you may select, the first thing yoit should keep in mind is to rejirndnie .Valine in llic pot. For JiiniKiry. 1''22 19 If you hn;l a group of moss suilcil lo your purpose, shake oft" the cHnging earth and chy it in the sun. The next thing to do is to tease apart the gathered moss easily and scatter it on the surface cif the soil and give it a little watering. A good rain or two will deck the pot with a piece of verdure. It takes not a small quan- tity of time and labor to im])rove the appearance of a plant. In Sluing when the sprout bL-gins to branch, )ou must take away al! leaves except the upper two. In about a month new sprigs will come out, but these again must be got rid of. The remaining twigs will develop enough to bear some minor twigs. The infancy of a plant is the best time to correct or straighten the ill-shaped branches. If you happen to find a sprig growing just where you wish it to come out, see that the sprig be tended w-ith more than usual care, cut- ting oft' all other unwished-for twigs and thus making it easier for the pet twig to become large. Spring is the season when the circulation of the plant- juice is most active: and so this is the best time for transplanting. Every "bonsai-ed" tree, whether it is growing on natural soil or in a pot, requires transplant- ing at least once a year. The following is one way of transplanting : Mrst of all, wash the routs clean. If vtni find any decayed matter among entangled threads on the roots, take that away, together with mould, which you will surely come across when unearthing a plant. The wash- ing done, dry the roots and then set the plant in a pot. Take the pot out of doors in the day and indoors at night. In Sunnncr the scorching sun dries the soil rapidly and frequent watering is necessary. But beware of giv- ing too much water at long intervals. Whenever yo" see the soil dry, don't neglect watering your pet plant. To tell you the truth, water somewhat prevents the plant from wearing ''antiquated" color, but insufficient water soon kills the plant. Transplanting can be done about the time of the autumnal equinox without impairing the beauty of your tree. But the sprouts coming out at this time ought to be nipped or they will mar the graceful appearance of the tree in Winter. Watering should be avoided in .\utunm lest it should rot the roots. Those trees which turn red, such as maple trees and wax trees, are specially lovely in Autumn with their crimson leaves. If you want to retain the gorgeous color on the leaves, take care not to expose the tree to rain or dew after it begins to be tinted. When the dwarfed tree undergoes "hibernation," so to speak, the only care you should take of your pet plant is to keep the soil in the pot from freezing. For this purpose place the pot in the sun on fine days with a little watering before or after the noon. The most eft'ective way of fertilizing is first to make a slight hollow circle, two or three inches in diameter, around the root, and then pour fertilizer into this hollow on fine days. Just before the sprotiting period and the period of propagation is the time when fertilization is more necessary tlian at other periods. When giving fer- tilizer, to your tree, do not apply too much at a time, but give the plant its nourishment little by little. Old plants require more fertilizer than young plants. For w-atering purposes, rain is most suitable : next comes the water drawn from the river. Water fresh from the well is not so welcome to the plant. The olde'- the water, the more nourishing it is. Trees adapted to this special kind of culture can be grouped into three main classes. If we add some shrub's that can be cultivated as pieces of "bonsai" art. we have lour kiii(i> in all, namely, "leaf-cultured trees," "Hower- cultured trees," "dwarfed trees" and "herbs." Space does not permit the giving of detailed description of the dift'erenl methods of culture, according to each of these classes. Therefore I will here epitomize some of the most popular ways resorted to on this side of the Pacific. In "bonsai" art red pines are in high favor, as they can be very tastefully cultured. They like to be planted on the red soil. The shelf on which they are placed should be set up in a well ventilated part of the garden. Beware of exposing them to rain. The soil should be kept as dry as possible and fertilized with powdered oil- cake. Maple trees must be placed in a shallow pot. The soil to be used for them is red soil or mountain soil. They want much water. Therefore frequent watering is neces- sary. Fertilizer should be as thin as possible. If you leave the trees in the scorching sun in Summer, you will get the tips of their leaves brown. After their leaves have all fallen, their bare branches present a most grace- ful aspect. The cedar tree has so many small branches that it is an easy matter to train it as you choose. The use of fertilizer is not necessary, but watering must not be ne- glected, as the tree likes wet soil. \Vhen you plant a cedar tree in a thin pot you have a deep valley in mini- ature before you. The elm tree also branches profusely. Look at the tree after all its leaves have fallen. Even then you will find the thick branches interrupt the view beyond. In course of cultivation the root will become, in too many cases, thicker than the trtmk. Then cut away the root, leaving about three inches from the top of the root, and transplant it in another place. Such a process will have the result of more small trunks coming up from the root, which is exactly what the "bonsai" artist wants the tree to do. — The Caiiadiait Horticulturist. "Truth," said Corot. "is the first thing in art, and the second and the third." But the whole truth cannot be told at once. A selection from the mass of Nature's truths is what the artist shows — a few things at a time, and with sufficient emphasis to make them clearly felt. You cannot paint Summer and Winter on a single can- vas. No two successive hours of a Summer day are just alike, and you cannot paint them both. Nor, as certainly, can you paint everything you see at the chosen moment. Croud in too much and you spoil the picture, weaken the impression, conceal your meaning, falsify everything in the attempt to be too true. Corot managed to paint to interpret life, mood and meaning of what he saw. — Mrs. Schiiylcr I'an Rcn.<:sclacr. A PRAYER Nettie Orcena Wolfley Dear father, tend the garden of my thoughts. Thy dearest care. And nproot every weed and flower Thou hast Not planted there. Give me, to keep mv paths and borders straight. Thy Golden Rule. To fashion tlieni like his who left for men X'o sharper tool. Teach me to know at sight, in any guise, One no.xious weed. The "root of bitterness" which, spring up. Bears evil seed. Warm with the sunshine of Thy love the soil Around each tree That, looking from the earth up toward Thy light. Bears fruit to Thee. — Christian Si'iciicL- Si'iiliiiel. 20 r.ARDE!\lERS' CHRONICLE Leaf Falls Without Frost Bite AJ'TER a night's sharp trost in Auiunm \\ c arc not >urprised when wc take our walk to see the grotnid httered witli fallen leaves from every shade oi yel- low to hues of the deepest red or hrown. In fact, we look expectantly for this sudden spreading of a leafy car])el as a natural sequence to the change of temperature, and quite as a matter of course we attribute it to the work of the nipping frost. Before we take things so absolutely for granted let us take a little closer look into the matter and see what really takes place: for. after all, in their own good time surely the leaves would liave fallen, even though the frost had never been. Again, in tropical coimtries where rain does not occur for several months at a time plants act in an exactly opposite manner to those in our temperate regions, for their leaves fall before the hot, dry season, while in climates where no lengthy and alternating periods of hot and cold occur the "fall of the leaf is a very inconspicu- ous event, as new leaves form and develop at the same time that the older ones are falling away, so that the trees appear, more or less, to be always in full leaf. Ever- greens, in our own climate, present a somewhat similar case, but even these have to shed their leaves sooner or later, although in some cases they may last for several years. It would, therefore, appear that some other potent factor or factors besides cold and frost must he at work at the time of leaf fall. Before we can make any pro- gress toward this end, however, we nuist assimulate one important fact, namely, that the great engine which provides the motive power of all life, both plant and animal, is sunlight. Now- the leaves of plants are organs especially con- structed to intercept rays of sunlight : every leaf of every plant is adapted, so far as circumstances and environ- ment have permitted, to present to the sunlight as much surface as possible, hence we get endless forms of leaves on dififerent species of plants, those t'orms fittest for the environment naturally surviving. Die Before Tropic Dry Season Leaves are continually transpiring watery vapor from the stomata, or openings on their under side ; this trans- piration is, of course, kejit more or less active according to the dr\'ness of the surrounding atmosphere. In very hot weather it is apparent that transpiration would be most active, and this at a time when most inconvenient to the best interests of the plant, for then the soil would be so dry that it could not supply the increased demand made upon it. Hence it obviously follows that if a plant growing in a hot climate could dispose of its leafy raiment before the dry season, and so largely shut in the store of moisture that it then possessed, it would be adopting a most protective measure. Such is the way, then, by which, when the water supply begins to fail, such plants prepare to meet the situation, and, in due course, when the dry season arrives their leaves fall and the so-called "Summer sleep" commences. Later in the sea.son, when moisture again impregnates the soil and the water supply within the plant is naturally very Vnv, the mineral salts in the plant tissues greedily absorb any moisture that comes their way. and so the young roots are incited to seek for greater supplies. If the "fall of the leaf" before hot, dry periods can be so explained, what of our climate, where the exact op- posite, a long, cold and damp period, occurs. We know that the leaves f.all liclnre tlie Winter sct> in. hut that their fall cannot be associated with a lack of moisture is obvious. What, then, is the influence at work in this case ? Let us suppose that we have a delicate, sensitive plant growing as a pot plant and that we water the soil in which it grows for a few times with very cold water. .\lthough the surrounding atmosphere may be most fa- vorable to its development and the temperature of the soil well above zero, yet we find that the leaves of our plant begin to flag and soon the whole plant looks as if it had been nipped b}- the frost. What has happened? The very cold water has lowered the temperature of the soil so much that the activity of the roots has been in- terfered with, and as a natural consequence their absorb- ing powers have decreased. But the leaves in the warmer atmosphere above have gone on transpiring ai|ueous vapor as usual: thence the tissues have lost their water and it has not been replaced. So the jilant shrivels up and dies. At the sanie time also liy dis]iosing uf their leaves trees avoid other serious dangers. Water in the tender tissues of the leaves during the times of frost would be most dangerous to the plant structure, for then it would be- come ice and with the expansion that takes place when water freezes the tissues would be ruptured. How dangerous such an enemy would be to the delicate vege- table cells can be readilv demonstrated by the bursting of a water pipe when the water contained in it expands in the process of freezing. Another danger, overcome by the absence of leaves, is that of heavy falls of snow. Trees covered with foliage during heavy snowstorms get their branches sadly broken by the weight and the pressure of the wind. It should be observed ton. that trees in the lowlands retain their leaves several weeks longer than those of elevated mountain regions, even when of the same species. In the latter situations snow and frost often occur in the Autumn months, and consequently the soil is cooled sooner than that of the lowlands. I'roni this w'C might suppose that these mountain plants would have to put forth their leaves several weeks earlier in the year than their lowland relatives. As a matter of fact, the exact opposite is the case, for the mild temperature of Spring is later in reaching these elevated regions : hence it comes about that in these colder regions those trees survive best which have adapted their season's work to commence a few weeks later and finish a few weeks earlier than the normal period. PiTREi.Y Protfxtive \1f..\sitke \\'e may reasonably assume that the "fall of leaf" is chiefly a protective measure adopted by the jilant against transpiration at times when it would be injurious to its economy and that it is brought aliout by either heat or cold. .At the first indication in late Sunmier of a lowering temperature some iieculiar layers of cells begin to form at tlie base of the leaf stalks and quicklv extend across the tissues, disconnecting thcni. — .Vrrc ]'(>th Sun. Flowers liave an expression of countenance as nuich as men or animals, .'^(lme seem to smile: some have a sad expression : some are |>ensive and diffident : others again are plain, honest, ui>ric;ht, like the br()ad-faccd sun- flower, and the hollvhock. — !Ir)ir\ Ward Bcrcher. For January, 1922 ->iii nwuii nil I imiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii III! nil III! iiii mi miiiiiii iiiiii 21 IK I I n 1 1 1 liiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inn i iiiiiinnninnnnn I Work for the Month in the Garden I SAMUEL GOLDING -"""»"'""» "'" i"ii"™™i""i»«i ui»inin"»»iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniii i iiimii nniiniiHi iiiinumnm „ „„i,iiiiiiiii,iiiiiiiii „ iiiiiniiiiiiiiiii ,mi „|„„ ,„ WK have now crossed the threshold of a new year, and the thoughts of garden lovers go forward in anticipation to the joys and pleasures of achieve- ment during the coming season. The history of horti- culture during recent years has been remarkable for the improvements made in many types of flowers and vege- tables, and the ever increasing- interest displayed by the general public towards home gardening, to which fact the various societies atid garden clubs that are being- formed throughout the country, bear eloquent testimony. They are conducive to that which is good in the advance- ment of horticulture; their e.xhibitions not only promote a wider knowledge of flowers and plants, but are also the "happy hunting ground" for the amateur and pr(j- fessional who is ever seeking for that which marks an improvement. The pleasures of gardening are not confined to a fleet- ing month or two but extend throughout the year, even when our gardens are wrapped in sleep. A retrospective view of the year's efforts and an examination of notes taken at the various shows will now- be in order. At this time the really successful grower will be forming- plans for the coming season's campaign. Notes written last year for future reference will be of the utmost im- portance and w'ill remind us forcibly of any failures of crops, or of any particular vegetables which proved their worth ; of varieties of flowers whose colors niav nut have been of the desired shades, or of others that deserve to be grown increasingly : of other out-standing features noted so as to gain advantage of past experience and apply it during the following season. 'Ilie note book does so much also to simplify the work on the seed order which must now- be attended to. Some varieties of vegetables previously grown may not have found favor with the i)erson in charge of the culinary department. Take for instance, the case of a grower sowing seeds of red, yellow-, and white onions, when \Miite Globe alone are appreciated. This is a conin-ion occurrence, and if a record is kept, it can sometimes be eliminated and the value of the crops increased. It is an excellent plan to make out a complete list of seeds, plants, fertilizers, tools, spraying materials, and anv other supplies which may be needed, and to order them earlv so that they will be on hand when actuallx' required. Delavs often cause disappointrnents, especially so if the stock of some particular variety we have decided ujion. is short and quickly sold out. The beginner will be w-ell advised to commence with those varieties which are known to thrive in his locality. .-\s for novelties, it is right to try them, but not to bank on them. Older and well tried standard varieties can generally be relied upon. Procure your seed from a re])utable seedsman : the initial out-lay may be a trifle more but the high germinating quality more than coiu- pensates. for they can be sown sparingly with greater confidence as to the final results. The stock of vegetables and fruit will need attention, and all specimens showing signs of decay should be re- moved. Manv have to store their crops in cellars where there is the heat of a furnace to contend with, if the space is limited. This causes a too dry atmosphere, which should be avoided. Care in such cases should he exercised and stocks of dahlias and other bulbs should have frequent inspections to prevent shrivelling and con- sequent loss of vitality. Should we have a spell of mild weather, it would make It possible to remove the covering and expose the tops of celery, which is wintering outside. This will allow the moisture to evaporate, but celery must be protected at night in case of a sudden fall of temperature. Continue to bring in a succession of rhubarb, seakale, chicory, and asparagus for forcing. They should be kept in a cool place, and will then respond quickly when brought into heat. Seakale and chicory must lie grown where the light is excluded to be blanched perfectly. Care and attention will be needed regarding the watering that a moist, growing atmosphere may be maintained. Mushroom beds that show that their vitality is becom- ing impaired, may be watered with tepid water in which a handful of con-imon salt has been dissolved. This often has an invigorating effect upon the beds. Use a fine rose can when watering the beds. We can now continue to gather material for new beds, which is an easy matter when there is an abundance of horse-droppings. Collect enough at one time to make beds of the desired dimen- sions, which should be turned over daily to sweeten the mass thoroughly. This can only be accomplished when the violent heat has subsided and the strong traces of ammonia have disappeared. Take care to beat the beds down firmly, and after a few days, they will be ready for spawning. The next step is to cover the beds with some good loam, pressing it down with the back of a spade. Mushrooms can be looked for about six weeks later. Apply winter spray to fruit trees as advised in last month's calendar, and push on with the pruning of the orchard when the weather permits. Evergreens and the flowering shrubs sulTer from the ravages of scale and other pests, if they are not carefully examined and sprayed. Be careful to shake snow from over-weighted conifers and evergreens during heavy falls. February. The growing of early ve.getables under glass demands attention although the early days of February may be regarded as almost too soon for the person who has not the facility that the greenhouse affords. But the length- ening days with increasing sunshine serve to remind us that the growing season is once more rapidly approaching. Therefore we should make all preparations to meet the near demands. Where only pits and frames are avail- able for early work, the preparation of materials for hot beds is the first to occupy our time. This can be done as soon as possible. Collect plenty of fresh, strawy, stable manure and mix it with the same proportion of forest leaves, oak or beech leaves preferred, owing to their lasting qualities. This mixture should be turned over thoroughly to ensure a steady heat. It is. of course, important that the material be in proper condition when used, which can be determined during the time of turning or mixing. If the manure has been allowed to ferment violently before being used for the hot-bed. it is not as good as if it were fresh from the stable. Apply water (Continued on page 23) 22 GARDK\KR:<- ( HROMCLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. FOWKES JAXLARY and early February is a very interesting period in greenhouse work. Winter's chilly hand has seized all outdoor subjects, but the colors of the indoor blooms are intensified. Hard firing is in progress, bringing in its wake red spider. We must combat this pest, and not allow too arid an atmosphere in any part. The rose house should be dampened down if the floors are of cement. Take care that water permeates the entire bench of roots where the heating pipes are under the benches, or the plants will sulTer severely. Try and keep the rose house at an even temperature of 60 degrees at night, or a lot of foliage will be lost. Day teiuperature can be regulated more than the night, and the sun's rays will be more frequent and powerful now than in the last eight weeks. If kept too cool now. your crops will be short, for the wood will harden and go to sleep. Do not topdress, but give a fair sprinkling of bone meal now. It will carry the plants along their Winter's journey without anything else. Carnation cuttings should be inserted in the sand and will strike now far better than two months later. Re- member the kind of cuttings to make. The nearer the flower vou take them from, the more prolific crop of flowers you will cut next Winter. It is likewise important to avoid the usual method of trimming tops of the cut- tings. Many cases of stem rot have their begiiming through the bruising which is caused by this method. Every one should grow the dark pink carnation, Hope Henshaw. It is the most prolific bloomer I have ever grown. The stem and blooms are of wonderful size, and the blooms are never off color. The early peaches in pots should be brought into a cool house.' Spray well to counteract scale. Keep the temperature for the first week as near 38 degrees as possible, and as the buds swell, increase, but never allow higher than 48 degrees until the fruiting period is at hand. Lilacs for Easter should be started. See that scale is not introduced by bringing these plants indoors, Scaline is the best eradicator of this pest. Among our friends the orchids, Cattlcya Pcrckvliaiia and Triawc are the first to herald in the New Year. They come at the period when orchid blooms demand the highest price. The late Fall weather with its unusual warmth and sunlight has benefitted these plants, and where the shafting was taken off carefully froiu time to time, we find the result in most plants is that they are sending forth a good supply of fine Ijlooms. Caltlcya McndcUi which lilossomcd in May. made quick and successful growth, and with us is giving its second crop of blooms. If any of these plants need repotting, they should be attended to now. Clean pots and make a com- po.st of osmunda fibre ?> parts. 1 i)art sj)haKninu moss and plenty of crocks for drainage. If your orchid house is low, you will need a little shade on the sunny side, or yriur new growths will be ruined. There are a lot of orchids in Itlfjoni and at various sta.ges of growth at this time, and it is not unusual in the United States to cut two crops of blooms ])er annum. Unlike European culture, with restricted sunlight, orchids here, excepting deciduous calanthes and dendrobiums, are practically never at rest. Rest here in this sunny clime is ruin, anrl the person who decries against certain methods and wants special houses in which to grow or- chids is not in sympathy with their natural desires. The skill of the cultivator has more to do with successful culture of orchids than any kind of greenhouse erected. Ferns should be divided in early Februar\-. They then have their period of new growth and can be divided into as many sizes as one requires. Compost is not very important, but drainage is most important. The Farlcy- ciise tribe favor heavy rose soil and red sandstone in- corporated. The usual Nephrolcpsis and Adianium will grow taller if desired, in light soil containing leaf mold. Repot Schizantliiis when necessary and sow a little now of liadger's hybrids. When in the flowering size, five or six inches, be careful not to over water. liring Spircra along gently on a light bench in a cool greenhouse. See that your gardenias are free from mealy bug: also that they have free drainage or the result will be sickly foliage which some people wrongly believe is due to their being grown inland, claiming that this class of plants only thrives on the sea coast. Crotons should be tongued. Take any bushy plant and cut off the lower leaves on a healthy shoot ; make ait upper slanting cut and half way through put a tooth jjick or smaller piece of wood to keep incision open, and inseii: a little moss and sand previously chopjied up fine and moistened, and secure with raffia. Keep in a warm corner gently sprayed away from draughts, and in six weeks you will have a nice lot of voung plants for 2- inch pots. Successful croton culture consists of slight shifts. Never give more than a half inch shift in re- potting and this should be done verv firmly. You can build up plants fully six feet in one year from early struck plants. Chrysanthemums of the large type should be put in the sand in February. The pompoms and others will be early enough for pot use if struck the end nf March. The propagation is simple. They will strike readilv in twenty days time if the sand is 60 degrees and the house between .^0 and 60 degrees. I'inch back any poinsettias left from C'hri>tni:is time and you will (Icvelo]) a nice growth that will lilimni well at h'aster. Sprinkle a little tobacco dust around the roots of cauli- flower jjlants to kill the maggots that infest these oc- casionally. Do not waste valuable space in your houses projiagat- ing ro.ses from cuttings. Order grafted stock from the special rose men who advertise in the (i \iU)i\i i;s' i 'nunx- ici.R, and who will deliver them when tliey are desired next Summer. The coddling which one's own rose roots demands; the wearisome waiting for a cro|> of blooms; tJie continual dropjiing of \ellow leaves if \iinr ,itmos- phere and soil, etc. is not just so. combined with poor substance of petal, ju.sl takes the joy out of indoor rose growing. The grafted plants have a vigorous start which they maintain, and ymi can connuence to cut verv nice blooms eight weeks after |)lanfing. They will continue doing so with a little mani])ulaling of the buds, i hi your present crop take away two buds oft" everv plant cacli week, buds just shnwing color, and you will never be wilhoiU roses, but he sure to secure grafted plants next vear. For Janiinry, 1922 23 Cuttings of lantanas and Jjouvardias sliould be inserted, but use very slender growths and be careful to keep shaded from sunlight. Cut all flowers rather earlier in the day than you did a few weeks ago. There is plenty of ice to be had now for the ice box and if yon have a cool cellar you will not require ice. ISut avoid gas from the furnace. A too frequent cause of carnations going to sleep after being cut is from coal gas. Orchids are very easily injured by it also. Do not be in too great a hurry to force tulips. They detest heat, and the antirrhinums you grow with their long stems are more suitable than stunted tulips. They will come along all right later. Give the freesias a little Clay's fertilizer. Cinerarias and cyclamen will appreciate a little also now that the soil is getting exhausted. It is not how much feeding- plants will stand as amateurs frequently ask. but when the plant requires it, that helps in successful culture. There is not a plant grown that will not benefit by ju- dicious feeding. Soot water once a week for the palni^ is n(jw api)re- ciated. The palms that were not repotted will develop fine foliage if given a dose of Dried Illood, a talile- spoonful to a 10-inch pot. Be careful when watering not to w-ash it away carelessly. Between several batches of palms repotted a year ago and a batch fed in the manner described. I can see no dift'erence, and time and labor is saved in not repotting. Keep all foliage plants in as small ])ots as ])Ossible. They will take more water an fertilizer and be more convenient to handle. WORK FOR THE MONTH IN THE GARDEN ( Continued from page 2\ ) from the hose if it appears too dry. and moisten it throughout. When it is fermenting evenly, make the bed, the depths of which must be determined by the con- ditions under which the particular crops must be grown. It can usually be regarded as false economy to adopt a sparing policy with the hot-bed. \\'hen filling the frame, bring it up as near the glass as possible and tread firmly, so that when it has sunk to the full extent the plants or seedlings will be located where they can enjoy to the fullest extent the sunshine and air. which they require for perfect health. If it is intended to grow only seed- lings in the hot-bed, use a much smaller percentage of leaves ; the heat is stronger. Cover with a good compost to a depth of four to six inches, according to the plants raised. When the heat has subsided to a uniform steadi- ness, sow such crops as early carrots, beets, radishes, and lettuce. Give air whenever possible to plants wintering in cold frames, or they may. during mild spells, start into pre- mature growth. Keep the plants free froiu decayed foliage and water verv carefullv. MICHAELMAS DAISIES (Continued from page 11) The cordifolius type is worth growing, if only for cut- ting. Its small flowers on long, graceful sprays are adapted for vase work. "Sweetheart" is recognized as being one of the best. The Michrelmas Daisy because of its varied height and color can be planted to advantage in many ways. It is ideal for growing between Spring flowering shrubs for it soon fills up any gap caused by pruning the latter and with Summer and .\ulunm flowering shrulis, keeps that l)art of the garden bright until frost comes. Planted in large beds with lielianlhus "Miss Mellish" or Tomcn- tosKs, ])resent a very good effect. Another effective com- bination is obtainetl by planting ]\Iicha?lmas Daisies with the Boltoniie, mixing the pink and blue shades with B. astcroides, and white flowering varieties with B. lat- isquaJiia. (Boltoniie vary in height from nearly four to seven feet. ) This flower also shows up to advantage in front of a wall or trellis covered with English Ivy. Honeysuckle HaUiano. or Pyracantha Lelandi. Planted in a wide border with a tall hedge of Holly or Yew at the back, as is so often done in England, the Mich?elmas Daisy seldom faiis to produce a most striking and artistic effect. In nearly every cottage garden in England, can be seen the Mich;elmas Daisy — hardy aster — and at the Autumn shows special classes both for the amateur and profes- sional are arranged for this flower. Each year new and improved varieties are eagerly sought for and as long as that progressive spirit is retained in horticulture, there will always be flowers worth while and amongst them, the Mich?e1mas Daisv. GARDEN PESTS AND REMEDIES VY/EED.S decrease our crop yields to such an enormous extent, they interfere so seriously with our farming operations, and they cause such tremendous losses in dollars, that concerted eiTort should be directed to their reduction and eradication. Any community, large or small, that sets itself the task of practically eliminating Its weeds and adopts and sticks to a program of action, can work wonders. It is cpiite certain that everyone knows what a "weed" is. Probably no one of us has had the term defined but our conception of its meaning is very clear.. It may be that at one time in our early days we were told to pull the weeds in the corn field or garden ; to mow the weeds along the fence ; and at such a time it is certain that no' words of explanation were needed to indicate which the weeds were. We have come to consider as "weeds" those plants which tend to grow where they are not desired ; plants which tend to resist man's efforts to subdue them ; plants which resist frost, heat, dryness ; which will grow in almost any. kind of soil and under all conditions ; plants which produce seeds in enormous numbers and have other rapid methods of propagation ; plants in themselves sometimes tndy beauti- ful, but that have for us lost their charm; plants useless and troublesome. Emerson said of a weed : "A plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered." A large Purslane plant will produce 1,250,000 seeds; a single Russian Thistle plant will ripen 100.000 to 200,000 seeds; Tumbling IMustard, 1.500.000: Shepherd's Purse, 50,000. The seeds of many weeds are very small and escape notice. A pound of Clover Dodder has 1.841,360 seeds: Common Plantain, 1.814.360 seeds: Lamb's Quarters, 604,786 seeds; Russian Thistle, 266,817 seed7: Wild Mustard. 215.995 seeds; Wild Oats. 25.493 seeds. If 60 pounds of Wheat are planted to the acre, and this \\nieat has 2 per cent of \\'ild iMustard seed, there will be distributed over that acre 388,791 Mustard seeds. Xot only do weeds produce seeds in tremendous num- bers, but seeds with an ability to live a long time. The seeds of some weeds, when buried in the soil, may retain their power to germinate for 15 to 30 years. Such is true of the seeds of Tall Pigweed. Black Mustard, Shep- herd's Purse. Dock. Yellow Foxtail. Chickweed and others. — Garden Club of America Bulletin. 24 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Training Young Men in the Gardening Profession WILLIAM GRAY CC)XSTRL'CT1\ K criticism is beneficial, fur il is in this way all real progress takes place in the wurld. When we discuss the need of a school for training young" gardeners, we are criticising existing methods of training, for if these were satisfactory there would lie no need to discuss other plans of training. Therefore, if the criticism from practical gardeners is of such an extent as to be erroneously called "everlasting knocking of our colleges." there must be some reason for the criticism, and if such criticism is constructive il should be given consideration. Criticism of the college graduate reflects upon the college and its system of edu- cation, and going to the root of the matter we are led to believe that the reason for such criticism is the big- dose of theory and tlie small dose of practice that is given the young men at our Agricultural Colleges. Let us define practical and theoretical, and see which is of the most im[jortance. Practical — capable of applying kno\\U-dge or theory to practice. Theoretical — depending on theory, nut [)ractical. sjiecu- lative. Practice — dexterity ac(|uired by habit, exercise of a profession. Accepted or iiroven theory is based upon the best known methods of practice, and therefore is not speculative. The speculative quantity is the theoretical trained man who has yet to prove that he is capable of applying knowledge or theory to practice. a' young man with a fairly good education can be- come a thoroughly trained gardener by practice alone, but this can not be [wssible by theoretical study alone. We can therefore assume that practice is of far greater importance than theory, yet there is no doubt that the two combined would turn out more proficient men. and if the importance of i)ractice is greater, the young man should receive more practice than theory. Our .Agricultural Colleges have made progress in remedying this defect in their education, still there is great need for more jjractical training. The criticism of the practical trained gardeners is directed at the as- sum])tion on the part of the college graduate to consider him.self competent to fill the executive i)Osition of super- intendent or head gardener on leaving college, whereas, owing to the lack of much practical training, lie is in no position to direct others or to know w'.iethei- they are doing a thing right or wrong. That the majority of Agricultural College graduates have been unable to hold such positions for any length of time proves that the criticism is just. .\ bond oi sympathy could Ije established between the college and the practical man by the faculty impressing upon the young men the importance of rounding nut their education by serving for a few years in subordinate positions under thoroughly practical gardeners. It is open to question whether or not horticulture should be taught in an .\gricultural College along with agriculture. P.oth subjects are of such a broad nature that it would he almost an impossibility to provide the facilities for practical training for l)oth in one institution. and the fact that .\griciilture is of more economic im- portance would tend to the favoring of that science. Let us consider therefore a proposition to e.stablish a School of Horticulture, the object being to train vnun- men for all the opportunities that Horticulture presents, i. c. landscape gardeners, private gardeners, market gar- deners, fruit growers, florists, nurserymen, foresters, etc. I'Tom the foregoing we will assume that practice and theory are going to work hand in hand to get the most efficient results. The school buildings would be of the usual t\pe. presided over by a head professor and his assistants. S'oimg men would be eligible to enter the school at an early age, a high school education not being required for the students would he educated at the school in all subjects that would l>e helpful to them in their profession and such subjects would be taught oidy from the standpoint of their relation to horticulture. The grounds around the buildings would be of ample size to aft'ord every facility for the application of the prin- ciples of horticulture. A superintendent thoroughly practical would be in charge of the outside departments and under him at the head of each department there should be a jiractical gardener, expert in the work of the de])artnient. A general [ilan of development would be mapped out, the diti'erent departments being arranged as follows: Landscape Department, consisting" of the grounds proper laid oiU in lawns, drives, walks,, flower gardens and borders, planted with trees, shrubbery, and foliage and flowering plants : Vegetable Garden Department, a plot of some extent for the culture of vegetables ; Orchard Department, several acres of ground devoted to fruit ; Xurser}- Department, several acres of ground with propa- gating house and frames for the cultivation of trees, shrubs, and hardy plants: Greenhouse Department, a range of Imu'-es for the cultivation of plants, flowers, fruit and ve.getables imder glass, and plants for the grounds and vegetable garden. All work pertaining to horticulture would be done by the students under the guidance of the ex]jert head gar- dener in each department. Lectures by the professors and cultural talks by the superintendent could be de- livered wherever the students were at work, the subjects of the lectures and talks correlating with the work at which the)- were engaged. Thus on jileasant days during Summer the class room study period would be short and more time given to it in Winter or during inclement weather, when outside work would be at a minimum. The full course would occupy four years. The first two years would be the critical period in the school, for manv of the young men would undoubtedly be without experience, but as they became more proficient and had reached their third aiul fourth year of training many of them could be put in positions of more or less re- sponsibility in the dilYerent departments. The expense of such a proposition would be consider- able, but need nut ])resent unsurniountable difficulties. The school could be started on a modest plan: the dc- velupnuiu extending over several years providing stu- dents practice in its development. .Ml horticultural interests in the country could get behind such a plan. The grounds could he stocked to a great extent through horticultural organizations. Owners of private estates could be interested in it. Government support might be secured as the economic value to the country of sending out trained men of this kind was recognized. \1! this is theory. Ts it practicable? For January, 1922 25 EARLY BULB FORCING OF the maiiy details leading to success in the matter of early bulb-forcing, a timely start and suitable varieties are essen- tial. Early planting is necessary to ensure a healthy root system which will enable the plant to bear the strain presently to he placed upon it, and without which, failure, wholly, or in part, of the crop might be foredoomed from the start. For this there is no sub- stitute; no rushing in at the last moment in the hope of making up for lost time. The bulbous plants I have in mind are Roman Hyacinths, Daffodils and Tulips. Of these three, those last named are invariably the most sparsely rooted, and in their case it may, in a measure, be true to say that other things — c. g., bottom heat and darkness — play an equal part so far as ultimate success is con- cerned. The root system of the bulbs of the other genera named are stronger and more abundantly produced, that of the Daffodils in particular, and in their case, that of healthy bulbs very con- siderable. In this connection, root production in these plants, grown, when taken indoors, under entirely foreign conditions, has an important bearing upon the water supply, hence, to the gardener, the information should be appreciated. Of the bulbous rooted subjects under consideration, the Tulip requires the least root- moisture ; the other two — Hyacinths and Dafifodils — in reason, can hardly be given too much. This, I state with emphasis, having seen the Daffodil ruined in its thousands for lack of moisture alone, or through drought in the soil and an arid atmosphere com- bined. Under the greenhouse stage in proximity to the hot-water pipes, is no place for this crop, yet I have seen bulbs there, and neglected in the matter of watering for weeks on end. To intro- duce the plants from the plunging beds out-of-doors to such condi- tions is ruinous ; rushing the plants into considerable warmth from the open is also another common cause of failure with the Daffodil. This, together with growing the plants for ten days over strong bottom heat and withholding water for a like period, are among the ruinous and unpractical methods that I know have been resorted to by some commercial growers in a rather large way of business. D.^FFODILS. Of the three genera named, the Daffodil is the most impatient of strong heat at the start ; a season of preparation — fourteen days or so — of comparative coobiess, with moisture, is far better. Heat, indeed, too early applied, not infrequently has a retarding effect upon the crop, apart from which, later, there is an absence of uni- form growth and flowering. Hence, from the economic standpoint, seeing the high price of fuel, much might be advanced in favor of the cooler, progressive, and more rational treatment of forcing. In certain instances, when the forcing of such bulbs was in its infancy and all had to be learnt in connection therewith, some experimenting was necessary. This revealed the absolute stub- bornness of certain early and cheap sorts of bulbs, and how they refused to budge when placed in artificial heat. How, too, after two months or so of forcing, when turned outside in disgust in wintry weather to take care of themselves, they flowered at their natural time as though nothing had happened. The value of these experiments lay in finding which were the more responsive ones to forcing and which to-day, so far as I am aware, are still unsur- passed for early work. From the many specimens examined of both Hvacinths and Narcissi, the lack of responsiveness appeared to be no fault of the flower; it was obviously due to the fact that the expansion of the orifice of the neck of the bulbs did not syn- chronize with the growth elsewhere, with the result that a kind of strangulation was set up ; in some instances, the scape was detached from its basal seat with, of course, disastrous results. Cause and efifect being clear the lesson was of untold value. With the season of preparation ended, the house may be closed and a temperature of 45 degrees or 50 degrees maintained. Pro- vided that both fogs and frosts are absent, this may be increased to 55 degrees or so after a space of three weeks. With such deterrents to progress as fog and frost, a lower temperature should be maintained ; to do otherwise, would be extreme folly and a useless expenditure of fuel. From now. onwards, there should be no stint of root moisture for all Dafifodils. .\ moist atmos- phere up to the time of the opening of the flowers is also impor- tant. Given these conditions, the cultivator has at his disposal the essentials to a successful issue. For earliest work NarcissKS obra- laris (the Tenby Daffodil), N. Henry Irving, N. spunus. and the old double-yellow Dafifodil (N. tclamonius phnus) are stdl unsur- passed, their flowering being much in the order given where all are grown under identical conditions. Closely following these m blooming are N. princeps, N. Golden Spur, N. Victoria and .y. Excelsior, which may be regarded as a richer colored Golden Spur. N. ,\rd Righ and Countess of Annesley (Irish Daffodils) have both been put forward as first early-forcing sorts from time to time, and it may be true of the first-named, if the bulbs arc Irish grown and forced, not otherwise. Those first named are the chief source of supply for the late December and Januarv market; of the others. A', princcps is usually the first. Rather than over- force the second earlies, it is better to have a successional batch of the first. Length of stem is thereby secured ; a not unimportant asset in these as in other flowers grown for market. What efifect the heat of this Summer and early maturing will have upon the forcing of these flowers will be interesting to watch. Thus, it will be seen that but the merest handful of the great and ever- increasing host of Narciss-i may be regarded as reliable forcing sorts. Potted or boxed in September, their introduction into the cold house during the early days of November might follow, treating them as already advised. A', pccticus ornatus is something apart, and late November will be soon enough to bring this occa- sionally unamiable variety indoors. Pursue an even medium course with it till the flower scapes are well in view. It were bet- ter to have a full crop by these means than an earlier one with many distorted flowers possessing no market value. Four-inch- deep wooden boxes of uniform size are the best receptacles for the bulbs and occupy the space in the forcing house to a far greater advantage than pots. Hyacinths .\nd Ti-lips. Hyacinths and Tulips require both bottom heat and darkness to force them well, differing in these important particulars from the Daffodils. Length of stem and a refined appearance are promoted thereby, assets of no inconsiderable market value. The earliest liatches are best grown in a frame within the house ; the bottom heat, always under control, being supplied from beneath the bed, consisting of moist cocoanut fiber with a covering, three inches in thickness over all, of the same material. For Roman Hyacinths and \'an Thol Tulips, the depth named is ample. For Tulips of naturally taller growth, a depth of six inches would not be too much. By insuring a uniform heat about the tops of the plants, the good results already noted--stem, length, etc. — follow. By cover- ing the frame with damped sacks or mats, heat is conserved and protection against fogs ensured. Here, it may be noted, that Tulips so grown are most sensitive to fog, hence the cultivator should see that the crop is not removed from the bed and darkness until the stems have attained their maximum and the flower buds fully developed. From experience I am assured that the apparently stunted, green tipped, half-developed flower buds of white-flowered sorts too often seen are a direct result of too early removal from the congenial conditions above noted. Its immediate effect upon the crop is a cessation of all growth, hence, the ills named. Usually it is done with the laudable desire of introducing a second batch, though the keen observer will rarely repeat it. The most ludicrous thing in Tulip forcing I ever saw was the early introduction from frames and plunging beds in the open to the greenhouse stages, where they were fully exposed. It concerned some hundreds of pots of the best bedding sorts. With nothing to promote stem growth, the flowers presently expanded on two-inch or three-inch high stems and. sprawling over the pots, presented a strange sight indeed. .\ bottom heat of 65 degrees at the commencement may be increased to 75 degrees or 80 degrees, in the course of three weeks ; the latter warmth will be ample for ordinary purposes. All bulbs forced in frames must be well watered at the start and given time to become dry before covering them with the fiber. The material below the pots should also be well damped. Subse- quently, tepid water only should be applied to the plants. Damp the frame daily by spraying with the syringe. The introduction of the Hyacinth and Van Thol Tulips into the heated frames will depend upon demand, though early November usually sufifices. For other Tulips, any time during that month or, say, from the middle on- wards is suitable. The best Tulips for early forcing are La Reine, Yellow Prince, White Hawk and King of Yellows. The first named is probably forced by the million annually, a pure white .sort that has also the merit of cheapness. Intelligently forced, this variety and Yellow Prince may be had at Christmas with fair weather, and with foot-long stems. The cultivator would be well advised to grow several successional batches of these two varie- ties. — The Gardiners' Chronicle (British). 26 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE I COLOR ARRANGEMENT IN THE GARDEN X' tlu' c-arlv 'iiiiutiLs, wlicii I \\v>\ Uinu-d my attentimi to .Harden- ing, the only serious consideration given to color schciues was that devoted to the planning of Smnnier beds. But the remem- brance of vivid contrasts produced by masses of red Cieraniums and blue Lobelias serves to indicate that the art of color arrange- ment was not in an advanced state. We may therefore regard the science of color planning as practically non-existent in those days. One certainly saw many pleasing color combinations in the perennial border and shrubbery, but these were more the result of accident than forethought. Nowadays the conception of happy harmonies or striking contrasts in the herbaceous border— and, indeed, in any portion of the garden — is regarded as principal rather than secondary considerations. The wise gardener of to-day selects with the utmost care such plants a.s will most fit- tingly associate with the natural surroundings. This careful plan- ning' of color effects is, of course, the keynote of successful gar- den building. The guiding factors in the creation of pleasing color combinations are naturally the colors of the flowers and the period of their display. Nobody would attempt to form color schemes without accurate knowledge of these characteristics. To some people the gift of blending colors seems to be a natural one. To others the taste is an acquired one. In either case there a tew guiding principles which might with advantage be borne in mind by those who contemplate laying out new gardens. Broadly speaking, there are two methods of forming color pic- tures— namely, by harmonies or by contrasts, llicre are times when either may be successfully employed : on the other hand. harmony may be the only permissible arrangement. Flower-bor- ders which are always more often seen at close range should, as a general rule, Ik? treated with harmony, while distant effects may with safety be made bv striking contrasts. For the most part, I am of the opinion that harmonious effects arc more pleasing to the eye. They arc certainly more restful. It is quite true that con- trasts have a value of their own. They are useful in certain cases in enhancing the color value of many flowers. For instance, the juxtaposition of purple Michaelmas l")aisies and Red Hot Pokers seems to compel special admiration, while emphasizing the rich coloration of each species. But a garden is, after all. a place of rest for most of us, and how can restful peace be more felt than in a garden which is filled with the soothing influence of quietly- blended colors. Whatever scheme be adopted, there should be a sufficient mass of each color to get the true value. The old plan of putting plants about singly is quite inadciiuate in the formation of color pictures. Bold groups of each subject yield an all-compelling beauty which is not easily attained in borders made up of inconspicuous color patches. There is no doubt that the feeling of rest which seems to pervade many gardens is far more due to the harmonious colora- tion than to any other influence. The value of color in house decoration obtains increasing recognition. Few people nowadays select their wall-papers without the most careful regard to the aspect of the room, the furniture and carpetings, and the use to which the room is to be put. Why not extend the same thoughtful observance of color value to our gardens? The best teacher we can have in the matter of color effects is Nature. We have only to look around us to find everyday lessons from which first- hand information may be obtained. The grey clouds floating across an azure sky suggest at once a happy combination of grey-foliagcd plants with' blue Delphiniums or Anchusas. Again, the blending of colors on the wings of certain butterflies or on the feathers of the peacock are quite suggestive of what may be done in the \yay of flower association. There are. indeed, hosts of examples which may be seen in the country-side and aptly repeated on a smaller scale in the garden. — Gardening. Illustrated. unless perhaps it be a mere jet of water rising from the surface of an informal rocky pool. Yet this is, I think, not free from objection. Garden statues, again, when exhibited are frequently admired and it is fortunate, perhaps, that their price prevents more fmding their way into small sulnirban gardens. Greek and Roman statu- ary are quite out of place, unless the mansion and garden sur- rounding are in the classical style. Lastly, one too often sees white w-ood seats placed where their brilliaT'.ce and luster strive to outshine the white flowers near them, and they become the most prominent feature in the whole garden. The beauty of a stone seat is, that if left to itself, it will soon tone down and merge into the garden picture. It will become a beautiful part of it, if the design has been well chosen, but it will not dominate it. It is a safe rule to follow, to allow plants and flowers to pro- vide the chief notes of form and color in our gardens and not rely on brightly painted seats and colored awnings tmless we are deal- ing w'ith a garden plannefl and planted on Japanese lines. — South African Cardeiiliig and Country Life. THE USE AND ABUSE OF GARDEN ORNAMENT 'T'ilKRI-" is certainly this advantage in a pergola made of natural ^ tree trunks and boughs that it will not clash with any style of building near it. aufl it can always be well strengthened by almost invisible metal supports. It must be rcmemljcred also that a pergola camint begin anywhere and end nowhere in particular, but should serve a definite purpose, such as to form a shady ap- proach to the main garden from the dwelling house or the ap- proach to some garden-house. It is difficult to understand why roses and eculiar points of difterence in the production of certain plants can readily be ascertained from common printed sources and even by a little exprimentation. Volume II is of the same general character and quality as the preceding. Under the title Special Glasshouse Crops, it handles specifically, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Melons, Grapes, Sweet Peas, Forcing Bulbs, Lifted Chrysanthemums and Catch Crops and their Economic Value. The final chapter of the book, which is given up to the subject named last in the preceding list, is particularly valuable for its su.ggestions of how to make the most of whatever space is available. But in the reading of this, as is of course the case with foreign books in general, allowances must be made for dilTerences of climate and national customs and preferences. CouNTRV Life Booklets. Country Life. Ltd., London, and Charles Scribner's Sons, New 'S'ork. The publishers of this series, whose periodical is The Gardeners' Chronicle of London, are in a position to know the leading authorities and successfully to solicit their co-operation. Of tin- three volumes examined the one, S'<'eel I'eas, is the work of Horace J. Wri.ght, F. H. S., First Honorary Secretary of the National Sweet Pea Society: a second I'iolas and l^ansies, has been made by Howard H. Crane, F. L. S.. author of The Book of the Pansy, I'iola and Violet, while the third, .Intir- rhinums and I'entstemons, has been written by A. J. XtacSelf, one of the directors of the Chalk Hill Nurseries, in which the two plants are specialties. The titles of other booklets, selected from the list of three dozen or more, are Storing I'egetatdes and fruits, Bee-Keefiins, IFintcr ligg Production, Home Decorating, The Dog, Milliards, Ihnv to Know the Birds. How to Prune Roses and Pruit Trees, The Greenhouse, Pot Plants. These and the other subjects, confined each one to the average of 30 pages composing one of the little and very inexpensive paiier-covered volumes, have been dealt with eminently well, if conjecture may be made from a reading of the three specimens. The entire .series ought, un(|ueslionably, to be given a place in the library of every country residence and sonic of the booklets would be of more real serviceability in the management of a eily giirdin than many other books of greater cost. For Januiiry. 1022 27 ^I'lllll 'HlllllllllJIitllfttllllllllllllllllllll N imiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ill iiiiiiiimimmiimiiimiim iii iii iiiiiitiimimiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim; miiiiiii ninii National Association of Gardeners Office: 286 FIFTH AVE., NEW YOKK llllllllllllIIIIIIIUIIll'l -miiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiiti.iiiiiniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiitiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiim [[ili:iilliiiHillllllMliMlliltillillllliiiiri iifiiiiiiiiiiim.iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiii^ President — Robert Cameron, Ipswich, Mass. Vice-President — Tohii Barnet. Sewickley. Pa. Secretary— M. C. Ehel. 286 Fifth Ave., New York. Treasurer — Montamiu Free, Brooklyn, N, Y. TRUSTEES I For 1<121)— William H. Waite. Arthur Smith. D. L. Mack- intosh. Ncu Tersev ; W. X. Craig, Massachusetts ; H. E. Downer, New York. DIRECTORS (To serve until 1923)— Alexander Michie, Long Island; George F. Stewart, Massachusetts; Theodore Wirth, Minnesota; George W. Hess, District of Columbia; Daniel J. Coughlin, New York; John Barnet, Pennsylvania; Montague Free, New York. (To ser\'e until 1924) — Wilham Gray, Rhode Island; William Her trick, California; Albin Mar- tini, Iowa; Thos. Hat ton, ('onnecticut ; Robert Weeks, Ohio; W. H. Griffiths, Michigan; Thos. W. Head. New Jersey. (To serve until 1925) — George Wilson. Illinois; James Stuart, New York ; William Klein heinz, Pennsylvania; John F. Huss, Connecticut; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Carl X. Fohn. Colorado; To-;ei h Tin^cv . New ^'nrk. SUSTAINING MEMBERS New York — Mrs. J. J. Albright, George F. Baker, Edwin S. Bayer, Albert Claybtirgh, W. R. Coe, Mrs. F. A. Constable, Paul D. Cravath, Mrs. VV. Bayard Cutting, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Cleveland H. Dodge, Mrs. David Dews, Frank J. Dupignac, Mrs. Coleman du Font, Childs Frick, W. II. Gratwick, Daniel Guggenheitn, Mrs. W. D. Guthrie, Mrs. William P. Hamil- ton, Mrs. John Henry Hammond, T. A, Havemever, Mrs. L. A. Herman, Anton G. Hodenpyl, B. H. Howell, C. O. Iselin, Otto H. Kahn, Mrs. Frank B. Keech, W. Eugene Kimball, L. C. Ledyard, Jr., Adolph Lewisohn, John Magee, Mrs. Julius Mc\'icker, Mortfn H. Meinhard, Mrs. Eugene Meyer, Jr., J. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. I. Pierpont Morgan, Stanley G. Mortimer, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, John T. Pratt, E. F. Price, Mrs. William A. Read, H. D, Roosen, Charles A. Sherman, Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Benjamin Stein, Mrs. W Stursberg, Daniel Tatum, Mrs. R. M. Thompson, Mrs. Edwin Thorne, Mrs. Henry M. Tilford, Carll Tucker, Samuel Unterniyer, Mrs. Harold T. White, Mrs. Payne Whitney, E. L. Young. New Jersey — A. Albright, Jr., Charles Bradley, Joseph P. Day, James B. Duke, Mrs. Lewis L. Dunham. Mrs, Frederick Frelinghuysen, Mrs. K. S fiofdrich, Mrs. Gustav F. Kissel. C. Lewis, Mrs. Paul Moore, Hubert T. Parson, Mrs. Manuel Rionda, P. S. Straus, Mrs. John I. Waterbury, Mrs. Ridley Watts, Zanders Wertbeini. Penvsvlvauin — "-aiuuel T. I'.odiiie, (ien. Richard Coulter. Mrs. 1. D. I.v. n R. 11 Mell'-n. Gifford Finchot. Georpe F. Tyler, I'.d^arrj \ W. - I'c '^r'fl r I !■ 11." '' " 11 " r. rf ^ 'o t' n'. ''-"rry O. Haskell. C< nnecticiit — E. Dinan Bird, Dr. Tracy Farnam, Mrs. Tracy Farnam, George M. Hendee, Miss A. B. Jennings, H. F. Schwarz, W. H. Truesdale, William Ziegler, Jr. Rhode Island — Gov. R. Livingston Beeck- man. Massachusetts — Miss M. R. Case, Mrs. William C. Conant, Mrs. Henry C. Frick, Mrs. Louis Frothinsh;'m, Henry S. Hunnewell. A. K. Lawrie, Mrs. C. G. Rice. Prof. C. S. Sargent, Mrs. J. A. Spoor, Mrs. Bayard Tlia}'tr. New Hampshire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury, H. S. Firestone. Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss. John L. Severance, H. S. Sherman. H. L. Thompson. MUhi^an — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — Thpodrre F. Thieiiie. Illinois — A. Watson Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick. Clavton Mark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Upham. M'vnescta — Mrs Chester A. Congdon, F. H. Stoltze. loiva — Mrs. G. B. i:)ouglas. Miisonri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Morre. Virginia — Miss Grace E. Arents. W. I'lrsinia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. 5. Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Amlriw L. Dorward. chairman; Frt-cKric Carter, ^ccritary. St. Louis, Mo.: ( ni-'ryc H. Prins, cliairinan; Huso M. Schaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everitt, Glen Cove, chair- man; John AlcCulIoch. Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE As president of the National Association of Gardeners, I extend the most hearty wishes for a prosperous, successful and happy New Year to all officers, members, sustaining members, and to all lovers of plants and gardens throughout this great country. The past vear has been one of the most successful in the history of our organization. Indeed, we ought to feel grateful con- sidering the condition of business throughout the country. Not only in this country, but throughout Europe, large estates have been changing owners and this has been the cause of many gardeners changing positions, consequently bringing hardships and difficulties to them. However, the outlook for the current year is much more satisfactory. I am surprised at this early date at the number of calls I have had for efficient and capable gardeners. Employers are very exacting and they only ask for thoroughly trained men. We must not forget the fact that many men in this country inadc large fortunes during the World War, and these men, in inany instances, are procuring large estates and will need gardeners to develop their grounds and gardens. Many of these men arc practically ignorant of gardening, con- sequently it !> our duty in such cas-js tn give our very best assistance and encouragenient to develop more gardens through- out the country. Assistant gardeners are still in meagre supply and there is no prospect of getting many from Europe for some time to come. During this year a great effort will be put forth to evolve a scheme to encourage young men to take up gardening as a profession. In fact, there is now under consideration a plan, which, if carried out, will give better training and encourageinent in gardening to young men than they have ever had in this country. The plan is now well under way and members and others interested will in a few weeks be ?iven full details. Our association is quite young and has many weak spots but vyith time, inembers and officers being interested, a great organiza- tion for the real benefit of all gardeners will be built up. I be- lieve in local branches and hope to see many more of them throughout the country. At these conferences wc can discuss subjects that the meinbers are interested in and also subjects that caii be taken up and discussed at the meetings of the aimual convention. Members sliould never forget, when there is an opportunity presented, to say a good word for our association and explain its objects and always be alert for new memliers of the right kind. There are many things which we, as true lovers of Nature and the beautiful, should keep constantly protesting against. The bill board nuisance should he protested against until this disgrace- ful habit IS eliminated. The protection of our native plants ought to be of special interest to us. The finest shrub that we know of in the world, Kalmia latifolla will be extinct very soon if It IS not protected. There are hundreds of other native' plants that also need protection. Digging up our native plants bv those who ought to know better, and exhibiting them at horticultural exhibitions is another thoughtless way of destroying our native flora. Exhibiting the flowers of our native plants 'is quite another thing. I believe if we are to be progressive that the G.ardeners' Chronicle of America should be a weekly magazine. A garden- ing paper that is issued only once a month does not and cannot keep up with the times. More space should be given to subjects that would be of interest to the young gardener. I like a fearless paper that will attack all kinds of wrong doing whether they are the doings of gardeners, seedmen or nurserymen. The owners and managers of our trade and garden magazines are so fond of the almighty dollar that they won't print anything that will injure their advertising. An advertiser can't be ofifended. We hope that the convention of 1922 which is to be held in Boston in the early part of September will bring out the largest number of members that has attended any of our meetings. There are many points of interest to gardeners in and near Boston. The finest collection of horticultural books in the world is^ to be seen in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Library — the very oldest and the very newest books are to be seen there. Then there is in the Arnold Arboretum the most wonderful collection of hardy trees and shrubs in the world. There are also many old .gardens and many modern ones, too, in this vicinity. There are the Concord and Lexington battle grounds where many of the English and Scotch gardeners' ancestors lost their lives by the shrewd strategy of the "i'ankee farmers. Harvard University has many unique attractions for the gardener, the Blaschka models of glass flowers ; Robinson Hall, the finest school of landscape architecture, and its library and other equipment, in this country. Then in the near vicinity is the Longfellow House and garden ; the Hunnewell estate • at^ Wellesley where the finest collection of coniferous trees in this country can be seen. Near Boston are the famous Weld Gardens and the Faulkner Farm Gardens where the sculptors' art and the landscape gardeners' work can be seen at their best. To those who are Christian Scientists, the Mother Church which is one of the finest buildings in Boston, and its attractive grounds will be especially interesting. There are hundreds of historical and other interesting things which can only be seen in this vicinity. We are not like the Californians who always talk about the weather and orange groves. We have lots of weather but many other things too numerous to mention in this greeting. I conclude by wishing all gardeners good success with their crops and flowers during the year 1922, and I hope to greet you all in Boston, next September. Robert Camerox. 28 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PRESIDENT CAMERON'S APPOINTMENTS President Cameron has appointed the following directors whose term expired on January 1st, to succeed themselves for a term of three years : George Wilson, Illinois: John F. Huss, Connectifut ; Carl N. Fohn, Colorado ; James Stuart, New York ; William Klcinhenitz, Pennsylvania; Edwin Jenkins, Massachusetts; Joseph Tansey, New- York;" and George Stewart, Massachusetts, to succeed Robert Cameron, whose term expires January 1st, 1923; Alexander Michie, Long Island, to succeed Robert Williamson, deceased, whose term expires January 1st, 1923. UNPROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE Complaints have come to the secretary's office recently of prac- tices on the part of some thoughtless gardeners towards brother gardeners, which have caused loss to the latter, and in one in- stance, loss to the gardener's family. In each case it has been based on rumors going around that the gardener is giving up his position, to which there has been no foundation, and resulting in numerous applications to the employer, and in return resig- nations on the part of the gardener. One gardener gave in his resignation on a week's notice, and another for a little more. Before impairing a fellow gardener's position, every means should be taken to verify such rumors. There truly can be little comfort in being responsible for a man losing his position, and thus bringing misery to his whole family. GARDENERS' CONFERENCE AT CLEVELAND .\ gardeners' conference will be liekl under tlie auspices of the members of the association residing in Cleveland and vicinity, at Cleveland during the week of the National Flower Show in that city, March 25 to April 1. The meeting will be held on the second or third day of the show. Full particulars will appear in the next issue of the Gardeners' Chronicij:. A master gardener knows that he receives from his garden no flowers that are unworthy of a place in beauty's bouquet. Weeds are the only flowers that arc not fully understood. Sins are often virtues in disguise. Between heaven and hell there is no l)oundary line. A cartoon clipped from a penny newspaper may do the soul more good than the most learned sermon. A pencil's note or a printed paragraph an inch long may open one's eyes to more knowledge than one often finds between the covers of a pretentious book. To know these truths is to know the pearl that leads to wisdom. — Selected. AMONG THE GARDENERS Does anv member of the association knl. Tnriintn. Canada Old and prosp'Ctive customers are cordially invitfd to call on u^ in the rcmodcird rstablishm. nt for Seed Sffvlce Plot Sililliliiiiillliiililiiniiiii iiuuuii!iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin«bii{iiiiullllllllUllllllli'lliili:i|luiilllllliliii:iNiiiiiii iiinimiimiriu 'ii i iiiiiiim»!'. i' '< iMTimiiiKini'iiii 'in TR*OtDKri IN D MARK n PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Wonderful natural fertilizer for amateur or professional growers— unc « list of jiisl a feu of the headings: 1. Ten Annual Flowers for Cutting. 2. Ten Annuals for Dry, Sunny Spots. 3. Ten Perennial Seeds for Spring Sowing. 4. Ten Hardy Phloxes. .1. Ten Plants for Home Deroration. 6. Ten Plants for Paved Walks. 7. Ten Shrubs for Hedges and Boundary Planting. 8. Ten Evergreens for Foundation Planting. 9. Ten Choice Apples. 10. Ten Choice Peaches. Send (or your copy of the Ten-Ten Book now; it is free. Then order early. uliuS* T^eKr5* Ca Ai Thg Si^ of Thg 'E'go Box 2 For Spring Planting Rhododendron Catawbiense Rhododendron Carolinianum Rhodendron Maximum Katmia Latifolia Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants Correspondence solicited. Price lists upon request, THE MORRIS NURSERY CO. n33 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The Garden Wonder No iicitt.T hi.w fertile the soil, plants need some element tlmt is ordinarily lacking, and it sliould be supplied in a ccunlition to be imniediatel.v a\ailable. That's why Stim-U-planT, the complete fertilizer in convenient tablets, makes plants fairly jump and produce more and larger, more brilliant, more fra- grant flowers, more and larger fruits, of better color, iicher flavor and aroma, and so, too, with vege- tables. Goml for everything that grows, including lawns. Use it liberally and be liberally rewarded. Makes excellent liquid manure. Odorless, stainless and clean. Tai-kt'd waterpronf — keeps indeflnitely. Florists. Market Gardeners and I'm if Grou.-rs use it. Price $3.50 per 1000. postpaid Earp-Thomas Cultures Corp. 80 Lafayette St. New York City Makers of FARMOGERM. the "biggest result produc- ing seed inocular.t. HERE'S A WATER LILY j BOOKLET FOR YOU | I Pictures four beautiful Lilies in i I natural colors; tells how to make a | f Water Lily pool and what varieties I I to grow in it. You can succeed | I with these lovely flowers in your | I own garden if you have this booklet | I — send for it now. I I WILLIAM THICKER | I Water Lily Specialist | f 664 Forest St., Arlington, N. J. ARE YOU INTERESTED in Perennial plants, Perennial seeds, Annual seeds, ' Gladioli — 400 varieties, all the best ones. Dahlias, fine list. Ornamentals. Write for lists. RALPH E. HUNTINGTON Painesville, Ohio 32 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiia LA FRANCE The Giant Everbearing Ked Raspberry IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW^^^^^ lllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllNIIIIINIllNlilNI Illllllllllllll lilllllllllllllllllllllllllUIIIIIIIII nil > FINEST AND BEST RASPBERRY UNDER CULTIVATION TODAY iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiii 11 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuuiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiini Order Now for Spring Planting FROM YOUR OWN DEALER liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii A THOUGHT FOR EVERY DAY It you, my friend, — just you and I, — Should smile instead of worry : If, as the days and moments fly Amid life's stress and hurry, We aim to make our thoughts more kind, Our hearts and words more tender. To be to others' faults more blind. For evil good to render : Then what a change would come about In all this dark world's story, If thus the Christ through us shone out, Revealing there his glory ! — Frederick M. Steele, C. S. Sentinel. JIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ The book of nature is always open Win- ter and Summer and is always within reach, and the print is legible if we have eyes to read it. But most persons are too preoc- cupied to have their attention arrested by it. — John Burroughs in "Field and Study." TREES &PLANTS THAT GROW CATALOG FREE Great Balaam^ Standard Varieties, Bci Qy^lity. Low Prices Salisfaction Of money refunded. 60 year* in buaineu proof of our re«pon»ibi!ity Wrile (or catalog now, PETER BOHLENDER & SONS 1 '^2 T.pp'-':anoe City ' Mian.i Cour ty)OI, Situation Wanted "Your Spring Order- Solicited' BURNETT BKOS. Seedsmen 92 Chambers St. New York City QUALITY RED POTS Made of best material by skilled labor, unirormly burned and carefully packed. Famooi ••MoM-Aztee" Ware includefl Azalea Pota. Fern Dlsbes, Hanging Baskets, Lawn Vases, etc. Write for catalogue aod price l\gt The Zane Pottery Company So. 2aneMllle. Ohio ORCHIDS We are Speclallsta In Orchids. We collect, Brow, import export and bpU orchids ex- clusively. If >ou are in the market for Orchlda, we solicit yi.>ur inquiries and orders. Cata- logues and epeclal lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL •rehld Growtrt and Importen Summit. fSl. «l. As superintendent mI' Ofnit-tcrj or private | eHtnte by landnf-upe urchitfct find gardener; = use arp. married. Capable of handling men. | WllUne to work wherever an energetic, | trustworthy man is appreciated and guiiran- | tee results. = Can furnish best of references. Please = state wages and particulars in first letter. ; I,. W. Badger. Box No. 12. Tioga Center, = N. Y. I iilii<>iti<>i-i'iM>i>iiit':* '''''i"''''""IMtl"l'l>lll|>>l'llllllllllllllll«"l""l"<""l^ PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of A scries oi articles now appearinK in Tlie American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, III. GLADIOLUS BULBLETS Le Marechal Foch per 100 $1.00 White Giant per 100 .90 L'Immaculee per 100 .35 Prince of Wales per 100 .26 Liebesf euer per 100 .60 Loveliness per 100 .60 Hose Glory per 100 2.75 I'.fltor prices t,n iimiiil itii'S, Roger Reynolds Menlo Park, Gal. HARRY BALDWIN Manufacturer ol Greentiouse Stiading l_atri Roller Blinds Vl VMARONECK. IM. V. i- L CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURKRS PHILADELPHIA, PA. .V /► Rhododendron Maximum Kalmia Latifolia Northern. Grown Stock in (airload Lots Nursery Grown TSUGA CANADENSIS Buy your stock direct from the grower. Send for price list. The Charles G. Curtis Company CuUicoon Nurseries CALLICOON, N. Y. ^RECOME A .fetAl^JDSCAPE ■^t^SGJiiTECT lOlV IH^nificd, Exclusive Pro- Dfflfl^HiiClT^ ffssion not overrvin with '-' competitors. Crowded with opportunity for money- -^ making and big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our corresptond- cnce methods. Diploma awarded. We assist students and graduates in Ketting started and fieveloping their businesses. Established 1916. Write for information; it will open your eyes. Do it today. American Landscape School, 12N .N^ewark, N. Y, Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Sfitil for Our CulaloRue 191 Valley Road West OranRe, N. J. llltlMIIMIIimiMtl? Hardy Perennial Plants All I arictics Price U*t Frrc on Application THOMAS WYLIE 5138 Holly Si. Seattle, Wash. s!i|iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiniiiitiiiiiiiiim i mil iiiiiiiiii«iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimmuiiii»iiiii| iiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiitiii£ = The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A pLJI^P" 13 a concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action — easily applied — free of '^ **ll^*-< jj^g disagreeable odors and features of moat insecticides — excellent as a wash for decorative plants. FOR THE GARDEN-A« a pQR THE GREENHOUSE reme- » ■■ . i ■ i , i_ ... ... — Applied at regular intervals (once each dy against all sap sucking insect, infesting ^^^^ ^^ j^„ j^^^j APHINE will keep plant. flowers, fruits and vegetables APHINE ia ;„ the greenhouse and conservatory free of most effective. insect pests. r UINvjlINlli For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V LKlVlllN 111 For worms and insects infesting the .oil. Sold by dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemical. MADISON. N. J. ^llllllMlllilllllllilllllilllllllilliiilliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllilllllill>llllil!llillll'llli:iilM11llllllllllllllilllllllllllllMlll!lll^ "m^"- Plain Facts About This Ornamental Greenhouse Why talk of tlie obvious — why mention liow attractive this greenhouse is? It isn't tbe self-evident that you want information about. It's about what you can grow in a hoiLse ihis size that interests you. Like- wise what il5 size is; how soon we can ship the materials; how long it will tako to erect to be ready for your flower favorites, and all such likely facts? The answer will be in our letter answer to your inquiry and in a booklet we have just published called "Owning Your Own Greenhouse." Send for the facts and the booklet. General Offices and Factory, Elizabeth, N. J. New York, 101 Park Ave. Boston-9, 254 Wasliingtcn St. " ^W-:^:f^u. > i.iU^3&.^ki.Lai^^ - ■ '■ ■■ I' ;i' ",■ ';:_■ -.:■ '■: w'nc < j: a tnal i> Iil^ .->« the J. D. I.aikiii estate at liuffalo, N. Y. This fholografh shi'Tis fincerely yours, Herbert E. IJelcher. Sujj't. J. D. Larkin estate. E\-erv gardener and estate superintendent has a most im- ]iortant woi'k in the saving of trees under- his care. Davey Tree Surger}- Ijrings to his aid the highest develo])- ment of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination 'of your trees will l)e made by appointment. The Davey Tree ILxpert Co., inc., ,^11 F.lm .'-^t., Kent, O. lifiiiuii ofKces ivilli Iclrplwnc connections: New York, Aslor Trust Buildiuii, Fifth Avcuuc and A2nd Street; Philadelphia, Land Title BIdg.; Boston, 467 Massacluisetts Trust Bldg.; Baltimore, American Bldg.; Chicago, ircslniinstcr Bldg.; St. Louis, Central National Bank Bldg. Permanent representatives available in districts surround- in,g HostCiu, S])ringfield, Lenox, Newport, Hartford, .Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, I.. T., -Montclair, New York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Bal- timore, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pitts- burgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianap- ohs, Cliicago, .Milwaukee. Minneapolis, St. Louis, Kansas City. Canadian address, 2.^2 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. H'orh iloiu- . n n ;....... . ii the I. D. Larkin estate hv fJa'.ey I tee Snrt^ecrns, "I eon.nder this a Z'Crv fine st^ceimcii of xotir work," lurilcs Siifrrintenit,-,'! Il.-rl.,.., I /;,;,■(,■,•, ,/o//\ /..-/( I:t Father of Tree Surgery D A \ E Y T R E E SURGEONS Lvt'w ml iJaicw Ira. S-n^fn >■• m- .'/.. ii-.jloy <>f The Davey rcfreseutinfi thetnfelvcs. A%i atirccmcnt tuaiir with the Dave; I '.rt Co.. Inc., and thr titblic is aiulioncd agiuust those fatsriv ii / not with an i»tli;-i(itifil is rerlaiti evidence of eeiiuincncss ^^ ^ M^ ': $2.00 A YEAR HORTICULTURAL .._ DIGEST 25c A COPY In our catalog are several views of this same general plan. One of them having two right-angle wings, you may find of particular interest. Glad to send you the catalog. Send for Booklet Jofd.^ Burriham^. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVINGTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PHIL.-\DEI.l'hIA N. Y. 30 East 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title BIdg. BOSTON-11 CLEVELAND TORONTO Little Bldg. 407 Ulmer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. EASTERN FACTORY Irvington, N. Y. WESTERN FACTORY Des riaines. III. CANADIAN FACTORY St. Catharines, Ontario V THROUGHOUT the world, the name of Sut- ton stands for superlative excellence in seeds. We are more than seed merchants; we are seed fanciers. For 115 years, Sutton fathers have handed down to Sutton sons the skill and traditions of leaders in plant breeding and seed selection. The illustrations show the vigor and quality of crops from which Sutton's Seeds— vegetable, flower and grass — are selected. You can secure similar results, under favorable conditions, by planting Sutlcn's Seeds. Send 35c. for Sutton's splendid catalog. It really costs us much more. Credited on first order of $8.00 or over. Only 28 days required from date of your order for catalog or seeds to reach you, as we mail promptly. But you should lose no time sending for your copy of the catalog. Kvgottin Sulttin'a Crt'slvd Single MiMJO-Hyti( otoi Royal Seed Establishment, READING, ENGLAND Till' Srril /l(/.sims\ /) illi II Ki'tonI iij ll.'i ) tars ^;^?^////////////////////////y///^^^^^ A AESSAGE JUDGE J. T. Aarean's Incomparable Dahlia Creations Produced By Himself in His Private Gardens at Green's Farms, Conn. Intr(^ductions for V>22. — ALL PRIZE WINNERS HERCULES, decorative ; quilled ; enormous flower on strong straight stems; blending of tangerine and deej) yellow. $10. JUDGE ALTON B. PARKER, decorative; fine golden bufl:; ver}- large flower on strong stiff stem. $10. MABEL THATCHER, decorative; fine large pale yellow flower on strong stem. $10. MRS. JOSIAH T. MAREAN, peony flowered; perfect : extra large flower on strong wiry stem; beautiful old rose with golden shad- ings. $15. MRS. JOHN T. SCHEEPERS, decorative; very beautiful flower of a canary yellow changing to a soft pink suffusion on outer petals; strong stout stem. $15. OVER THERE, decorative; most attractive large flower on very strong stem ; of a true self deep salmon color. $10. THE BASHFUL GIANT, decorative; the largest flower so far produced ; strong stem, on which the flower turns its head slightly; fine apricot with golden shad- ings. $10. THE EMPEROR, decorative; unquestionably the most aristocratic of them all ; a ma- roon of the finest type ; very large flower, made up of long flat petals ; a magnificent Prize Winner of the higliest merit. $25. THE MERRY WIDOW, decorative; enor- mous blooms on stiff short stems, held erect ; clear yellow, suffused with a pleas- ing shade of red but so arranged to make a handsomelv colored Dahlia. $10. Introductions of 1921, all of which have "made good" and have taken Blue Ribbons at the Shows : AGNES HAVILAND, decorative; fine rose- pink slightly suffu.sed with yellow. Large flowers on strong stiiT stem. $6.00. CHARM, decorative; burnt orange shading to yellow ; strong wiry stem. $7.50. DAKOTA, decorative; shade of flame; enor- mous flowers on stift' stem. $6. E. T. BEDFORD, Hybrid— decorative ; purple with sihery shading; exhibited of size 12 inches and over. Long strong stems. $10. JUDGE MAREAN, decorative; blending shades of salmon pink, red, orange, yellow and pure gold ; large flower on long strong straight stem. $7.50. LADY BETTY, decorative; lovely creamy- white, pinkish suffusion; very large, finely formed flower on stiflf stem. $7.50. LA GROSSE Bete, decorative, enormous cerise self color; strong stem. $7.50. LE TOREADOR, decorative; fine lasting ex- hil.)ition flower; finest crimson shade; strong wiry stem. $6.00. MEPHISTOPHELES, Hybrid— decorative; a masterpiece: ruby red, tiny golden points at the \ery ends of some petals. Now $15. MRS. I. DE VER WARNER, decorative; considered the most beautiful in the col- lection ; awarded many First Prizes at flower shows ; very large beautifulh' col- ored flowers, a shade of soft deep mauve pink; long, strong, wiry stems. $15. STOCK OF ALL LIMITED Prices are for STRONG BULB DIVISIONS ONLY; realizing what is often the result of propa- gation, NO PLANTS will be offered. ONLY Bulbs from clumps out of Judge Marean's private garden of which the plants HAVE PROVEN THEIR MERIT, will be distributed. EACH VARIETY AND EACH ROOT SENT OUT IS ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEED AS TO BEING TRUE TO NAME AND TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY PLANT, BUT ONLY IF PURCHASED DIRECT FROM THE ORIGINATOR THROUGH HIS Exclusive Introducer JOHN SCHEEPERS, 322 Fifth Ave., New York Cily Handsome large book covering these magnificent Dahlias, with three beautiful color plates, full natural size and color, free upon request, if you mention The Gardeners' Chronicle. 33 'gniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiii iiiMiiiiiiii'iiiiiniiiiiniiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiir Gardening? It may he a ^mall enclosure nestled between two city yards or a wide expanse of land on an estate. It"s your garden just the same. You love it. ^ on want to put into it the loveliest flow- ers and arrange ils paths, its beds, its shrubbery with utmost artistrv. House & Garden's Book of Gardens Is filled with the most enchanting gardens that ever nodded and flowered in the pages of House & Garden. Articles on flowers, shrubs and bulbs — plans and suggestions for landscape work — a complete gardener's calendar — these are some of its contents. And behind them all is the House & Garden Information Service, ready to answer additional questions on par- ticular pages thai interest you. Can you imagine a more deliglilfid S3 worth'' Muke your cheque payable to The Chronicle Press, Inc. 286 Fifth Avenue New York City All Birds Are NOT Wootl peckers style No. 8WB, Complete with Bracket, etc. Price, Postpaid, in U, S. A., $2.75 SIMPLY becansf some hinls choose the p.Tth of least resistance and dwell in abandoned woodpecker lusts, all ton many Ijirdhouses now offered are built for woodpeckers! To attract the birds yon must provide food, water, and shelter! But unless the shelter is congenial, do not expect to hold your friends in feathers! Educator Log Cabins for Birds and Household Pets pre hiiiit a,Iotig lines l>ased upon intiiiiatf t-xport studies cf iiird and animal requirements. Hoomy, yet warm, easily kept clean because of special construction; they are substantiall.v made to g^ive many years of service to either season's giie>ts or permanent friends. Every Garden and Bird Lover will find our 32-page Booklet describing" the complete line of Educator Log" Cabins full of ' vahiable hints how to attract birds and how to hold them. Shows many ( abins "at work" under natural surroundings. A copy of this booklet is gladly sent free on request it you mention G. C. EDUCATOR GIFTS AND PLAY PRODUCTS Mystic, Conn. U. S. A. gniiiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiliiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Gold Medal Gladioli! THE priva'e gardens of Elmwood Terrace offer i from its magnificent collection of over 400 i varieties of Gladioli a surplus of those v^hich § won the Kunderd Gold Medal at the American Gladioli | Show, Boston, 1920. for the "largest and finest collec- 1 tion of Kunderd originations," and also those ^ varieties which at the American Gladiolus Show, 1 Canada, 1921, "won 24 prizes out of 24 entries," j including the Burpee Silver Trophy cup which latter = was awarded to our exhibit of 1 Kunderd's beautiful "Marshall Foch" | as "the finest variety." 1 The following special offers will be sent post paid. i AH are full sized bulbs gro\v'n for exhibition purposes. M 1. 3 Kunderd's Marshall Foch, $1.50 doz., $5.00 I 2. 2 Each Kunderd's Primulinus Hybrids, Tu- | pelo, Alice Tiplady, Altair, Capella, Argo, i Topaz 2.00 I 3. 2 Each Crimson Glow, Mr. Mark, White | Giant, Le Marechal Foch, Flora 2.50 | 4. 100 Bulbs in ten fine named varieties, each | var. correctly labeled 4.00 1 5. 100 Bulbs in very fine mixture 4.00 | A lumit-^Dnii- (Ivsrriiitivr hookh-t uill he iiKiihd free % upon apj/licalion. | MRS. M. B. HAWKS, | Elmwocd Terrace BENNINGTON - - . VERMONT . ninmiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiHffliiniiiimnriiinriiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiuiw^^^^ uui iiiuiinl 34 WILSON'S O. K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, Vz bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $10 "I-'lorh am." I i.nvei t. X. .1 . .1 muary A. 1922. Andrew Wilson Inc.. SprinKfieUl, N J. Dear Sirs: \Vc have use( Wilson's t> K. IM lilt Spray on speci- men bay trees f or seal '. ant irainet n.- live cedar trees for red spider, a Iso under gU ss for scale and mealy bug | on nectarine trees and jfrapc vines d urii tt their dormant ^t:ite. and have found i t iKJth safe and i (Tective in evcrv instance. N onrs truly, K. K. TVSOX. Supt. for Mrs H. M cK. 'I \vonihl> ^ ANDREW WILSON, Inc. I I SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY j niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iNNiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiijijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim il piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^ I GRAFTED ROSES | 1 You have for many years been familiar with the title "Totty's 1 1 Mums," without perhaps realizing that every year we send out con- I 1 siderably over half a million Rose plants. Of this number, a large I 1 proportion is grafted. g 1 We yield to none in the Quality of our Rose plants, as you w^ill | J know if you bought stock from us in years gone by. 1 1 Sometimes you may think us high in price but the Quality M 1 corresponds. 1 i By the way, did you know our 1922 introduction in yellow Roses, I 1 "Claudius Fernet," has all the ear-marks of being a champion forcing 1 ■ Rose, as well as a wonderful garden variety? 1 I CHARLES H. TOTTY GO. | I MADISON NEW JERSEY I liiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ g iiiinin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii II iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii| giniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i nm niiniii iimi | Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll DREER" 1922 PARPEN BOOK 7 I Is a reliable guide to Vegetable and Flower culture that no amateur or professional gardener can afford to be without. TTie EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger and more complete than ever. It shows in eight color plates some of the Dreer Specialties and its 224 large pages give photographic illustrations of many of the varie- ties listed besides complete cultural directions for suc- cessful growing. It offers the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, including the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. The Garden Book is now ready. A copy mailed free if you mention this publication. HENRY A. DREER 714-716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Get tKis Valuable Book on Better Lav^n Care T7VERY one inter- ested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many pliotos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubs, cemeteries, col- leges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate -priced power mower for medium- sized lawns, the 30- inch Ideal Power Lawn Mower for large lawns and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book today — learn how to keep your lawn in Iirttt-r condition at k'^ss cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. OLDS, Chairman 434 Kaiamazoo Street Lansingr, Mich- World's Largest Builders of lower Lawn Mowers. Dealers in all t^incital cities. The Ideal Junior Power i Lawn Mowers! 91 mum I iiiiiniiuiiiuiuimiiuiw uii i» iiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiliiiiiiMiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii.~ ^iiiiiiiiiiii!i;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 35 I THE GLENSIDE HARDY | I FLOWER GARDENS | 1 Rirhard Rothe, Proprietor, Glenside, Pa, | 1 We are Specialists in Designing and | I Building of Rockgardens. ' j 1 For rates on Consultations and illustrated | I lectures please address j I RICHARD ROTHE, GLENSIDE, PA- | IJMlllll.Milli |.|i iMM'm iilHiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiimniiiiiiiniiniiiiiwiiiiiniinniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiliiiilillilil'iilllilillllillliiiiiiiniiin^ I AGHIMENES | 1 L'si-lul tor hanging baskets and pots. | 1 Galathea. Dark violet-blue. | I Magnifica. Mauve, tall grower. | I Dainty Queen. White with lavender eye. | I Swainsonii. Mauve with white throat. | I Bulbs of anj- of the above: | I Doz., $4.00 100, $30.00 j I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., INC. | I Seeds, Plants, Bulbs I I 166 West 23rd St. NEW YORK | ~' .1iiiniii{iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii{iiiiiii«{iiiiiii{Wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^' I GRASS SEEDS ' I For I I Golf Course;', Lawns. .Shady anil Trr- rarc Situations niixcil by an Knfilisli Kxpprt of years' experience. Vt'orld's I best Lawns madi- from lliis Seed. g I Write for prices. | I W. F. MrCOKU CO., ^ I T.AHHYTOVtN IVKW YORK Illlllliililiiliiliiiiillililliliiiiiillilllilllllilllllllll'lii:'iniiiii^ If voii < oiiicniplatf Imyinij seuii-established, establislied or imported orcbids. consult us first. \^ I- <•arr^ in stork about 2r>.00() species. A bu;;e stock of Laelia Cattleyas. Hybrid Catt- leyas, Brasso Cattleyas. Odontioda-. and otiier choice hybrids. We specialize in supplyiuji the private trade. Let us fii^ure on your rojuiremeuts — our quality is secoiul to none. Orchid peat, live Sphaf;uum Moss, baskets, pot bangers, always on band. SvntI for (Hir price list. G. E. BALDWIN & COMPANY Orchid Collectors. Crotvcrs itnd Importers MAMARONECK Box 98 NEW YORK iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«i:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiiiiiiii^ ^iiiHiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!lliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiliiii!liiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiniii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iimiiiii!ii!i!!iiinnii^ Beautify Your Garden j }{> the aiKlilion of our Arbors, | TreIIi>es, Pergolas, Garden | Sfal>. etr. | Our eqiiipniiMit enables us to | niainifac'turi- at low cost a very i larfie line of original designs — j llif atlraiii\e kind. i ll will bf a plrasure to mail you our booklet, "l.anilscape Ueauty 1 .^rbur Willi Scat No. J-1^ Hints." 1 Our Drafting Department will design r^iH-cially for you— E No charge. = If interested in Fences, ask for our liluc Prints showing many § attractive designs. ^ Our Lattice Triniinings fnr \\;iits are in a clas*; hv tht tn-ielvcs. _ ^ Free Catalog. s i GAR[)EN CRAET | I 4 Lake Street Crystal Lake, 111. | 7llll!!llllllllllllllll!ll{llllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllll{llil mil' II nil in llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllinilllllllllllll yjiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiililiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ j Competent Gardeners | I The comforts and products of a country | I hotne are increased by employing a competent j I gardener; if you want to engage one, write us. | I Please give particulars regarding place and | I say whether married or single man is wanted. | I We have been supplying them for years to the | I best people everywhere. No fee asked. j PHT1:R HENDERSON & CO. I Seedsmen and Florists | 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY | i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii^ a 36 ODORLESS EFFICIENT ECONOMICAL Potash-Marl CROPS Matures Plant Food UNEXCELLED FOR LAWNS — FLOWERS A Feiv Facts: rotash-Marl-grown potatoes were the lar^'est and Iinest potatoes in tlie Exhibit of the Stamford Horticultural Society, and the best crop in Westchester County in 1921. That Potash-Marl is an Ideal Lawn Dressing is proven by the remarkable results obtained by many Countrx- Estates and Golf Clubs. "The finest flowers I have ever grown," is a typical expression in letters from many Gardeners who have used Potash-Marl in Greenhouses and Gardens. ir, testimojuals to verify the above statements Full particulars and prices given upon application Potash-Marl, Inc. SOLE PRODUCERS Tel. Murray Hill 14^13 15 East 40th Street, NevJ York giiiiiiiiiiimiiiiini|iiiJiiiiiimiiiiiiiii!iiii:iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiim»i'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^^ I Bobbink &b Atkins I .Ask for Catalog Visit Nursery Ask for ROSES Catalog LILACS EVERGREENS RHODODENDRONS TREES AND SHRUBS ROCK GARDEN PLANTS OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES OUR GIANT-FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW JAPANESE YEW The Heilse Plan! of the Fiilure and E\ERGREE.\ FOR EVERYWHERE Ask for special list of Stariilard itree) Roses We grow Nursery Products to complete Plantings of any Magnitude. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD NEW JERSEY £11111111111111 iiii;iiii;iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilliililiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I The Novelties of 1922 1 You Must Have Them in Your Garden! Schling's Wonderful New Snapdragon 'Indian Summer." 1. Schling's Wonderful New Snapdragon • ■ I nd ian Summer. " — A lovely ricb, irelvety copptir color, indescribably beautiful. Pkl. $1.00. 2. The Wonderful Blue Lace Flower. — Fiuelv I.iced flowt-rs of an exquisite light blue shade. Pkt. 50c. 3. New Beddlrg Petunia Violet Queen. — .\ rtal (i^t'p violi't biuo, Blnoms a.s freely as Rosy Morn. Pkt. 50i-. 4. New Bedding Petunia Purple Queen. — ExQui.site riiii clear purple overlaiil with a velvety -hi ou. Pkt. oOe. 5. Adonis Aleppica. — 16 to 18 in. high. From 1 li to 20 main stems with fine dark blond- rt'il flowers. Pkt. 50c. 6. New Giant Dahlia-Zinnia. ^A true giant in size. Pkt. ."iOi". 7. New Lilliput Poppy. — Only 12 in. high, constantly in tdwm. A lovely day- break pink. Pkt. 50c. 8. Nfw .Miniature Dahlia Peter Pan. — Flowers -Viiemone-shapeil with tubular cen- ler. All the pa.stel -badrs. Pkt. 75c. 9. New Sunflower D a22 1 er.— Flowers 4 in. across, of a rich chestnut, lipped orange with dark center. Pkt. 35c. 10. Dianthus Laciniatus Purpureus Fl. Pl.^A purple garnet inclined to ;i claret. Beautifully fringed. Pkt. 50c. 11. Cyno^Iossum Heavenly Blue.^Bril- lianL bhii' for£;et-nie-not flowers from May until fri'st. Pkt. 50c. 12. New Giant Zinnia. Apricot.— Charm- ing new color in Giant Double Zinnias. Pkt. 25c. Above novelties sold separately at the prices named, or the entire tfSC f\f\ volleclion of tuelve at «pO-W 28 W. 59th St., New York ^iiiiiiiinnininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinni iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiii iiii.- ~inii»ii[iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii!ii»:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiim iiiiiiiiniiiuiu iii.iiiniiiiiiir. 37 ^iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ The Contents for February, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 39 Funkia — Plantain Lily Richard Rothe 41 The Love of F\owets . Bertha Berhert-Haniinond 42 A Famous Roof Garden George Ceci7 42 The Late Judge Marean John Scheepers 43 The Vital Relation of Trees to Human Life and and Wild Life Hon. Martin L. Dovey 44 The Nephrolepis Chart R. C. Benedict 46 Beautifying Home Surroundings. .Arthur Smitli 47 Orchid Exhibit at the Missouri Botanical Garden George H. Bring 49 God's Best Berry 50 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Golding 5 1 The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. Forvkes 52 A Garden of Blue Annuals Edged with White Floruu Amalor 53 Plants of the Bible and Biblical Lands 54 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 56 National Association of Gardeners 59 Local Societies 60 Here and There 61 Uneitifloyment and Horticulture — Winter Protection of Evergreens Published monthly, the 15th of each month. Subscription . . . .$2.00 a year Canada, $2.15; Foreign $2.65 THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. MARTIN C. EBEL, Editor Wintered at tlie Nezv Yorf^ Post Office as second class matter under ttie .Act of Congress, March 3. 1879 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii nil iiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimniii iiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii illlllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi- Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not already received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. e//^^^(m^^^w 30-32 Barcla}? St. Mew York nuiiiiiiiiiiiHiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiimiM^^^^^^^^^^ 38 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture Vol. XXVI FEBRUAKY. 1922 iiiiiiiiiiii Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE No. 2 iiiiiilniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i I'::" iJJX Vr!'»NK;..U tHAkf-^v* Wi£ started the last la]' of (Utr horticultural pil- grimage in England hy hoarding' a train at Paddington Station for the two hundred mile, non-stop trip to Torqua}'. The journey westward was not so enjoyable as we had anticipated; for too many others had the impulse to travel hy that particular train. and. as most of them got to the station before us we were compelled to spend the greater part of the journey .sitting on an angular and squashy suitcase in the corri- dor. Our anatomy is somewhat elongated and occasioned considerable distress to ourselves, and to exploring pas- sengers in their quest for the dining car. However, bv entering tlie dining car as soon as it was open, and dawdling over luncheon until we were invited to leave to make room for other hi.mgry mortals, a comfortable seat was obtained for part of the trip. Our main object in visiting the west of England was to call on Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, ^I. A., V. M. H., formerly curator of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, who for reasons of health has retired from his charge at Cam- bridge and taken up residence at Torquay. Our first position was under Mr. Lynch and to him, more than to any other, we owe whatever ability we may have as a gardener. The pleasure of talking over old times, and the profit gained from discussing horticultural matters with so dis- tinguished an exponent as Mr. Lynch, can readily be im- agined. His place in the foremost ranks of eminent hor- ticulturists has been recognized by the bestowal of many honors, including the V. M. H., perhaps the highest and most coveted distinction obtainable in the realm of horti- culture. His work in developing the Cambridge garden into one of the foremost botanic gardens of the country caused the University to confer upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. All this of course is most gratifying to one of his "old boys.'' ^ ^ ^ It was not until our journeyings brought us to the southwest of England that turf was encountered of a greenness and texture that one associates with the far- famed English lawns. The excellent condition of the lawns m this section was due to the fact that the rainfall of the western part of England is much greater than that in the east and in this year of unparallelled drought the western gardeners were distinctly at an advantage in comparison with those in the east. Doubtless many Americans would be surprised to be told that there is great variety in the climate of such a dinkv httle island as England, but its topography is such that there is a vast difference in the amount of rainfall received in the various districts. For example, in one part of the mountains in the county of Cumberland the rainfall is over 150 inches a year. On the west coast, generally, the average rainfall is from 36 to 66 inches per annum, whereas in the eastern counties it ranges from 20 to 30 inches only. This is due to the fact that the high ground on the west intercepts the moisture-laden winds from the Atlantic. Incidentallv the average annual rainfall in the vicinity of New York is about 45 inches. * * * Torcjuay was our headquarters for gardening explora- tion in this section. In the tovv-n itself are man\' features of interest to the gardener, for here the climate is such that it is possible to grow many sub-tropical plants in the open air all the year round. Many of these are to be found planted out along the slope of a steep hill overlook- uig the bay. Here one may find, 'growing luxuriantly, the I'anary Island date palm, Plurnix canarlensis. The blue gum of Australia, Eucalyptus globulus, also flour- ishes, reaching a height of 40 feet, and blooms profusely. This species has been planted quite extensively in Cali- fornia where it is said to thrive exceedingly well. Cordy- linc ausfralis, the Dracccna indk-isa of seedsmen, which IS widely grown as an ornamental plant for vases in America, is extensively planted, both along the Rock Walk and in the pavilion grounds. The effect that it gives is extremely un-English, and one is reminded of the sub-tropics rather than of so northern a country as Eng- land. At Torquay it attains the stature of a tree, and branches and blossoms freely. One remarkable feature of Torquay- is the plants grow- ing on old walls. The species most commonly met with is the red valerian, Centranthus ruber. Although it was the tail end of the season when we saw it, it was still attractive in many places and the wealth of old flower stalks gave evidence of its jjrofuse blooming earlier in the season. This is a plant worthy of the attention of .Amer- ican gardeners who are confronted with the necessity of finding material that will grow in poor, dry soil. There is a remarkable fruiting specimen of Ficus repcns growing on the walls of St. Matthew's Church at Chelston, a suburb of Torqua\. As is well known, the foliage of the adult and fruiting branches of this plant is eritirely distinct from that possessed by the young plants when they are clambering over a wall or tree trunk. Un- der suitable conditions, when the plant has occupied the 39 40 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE space allotted to it, its tendency is to throw out almost at right angles, strong growths which have leaves much larger than those of the creeping form. A similar phe- nomenon is to be seen in the case of English ivy when growing on walls in England. If neglected it will send out these strong growths which will ultimately flower. The specimen under notice, of Ficiis re pens (or F. pitinlla, to give it its up-to-date title), fills the space between two buttresses of the chiirrb .md attains a height of over 13 feet. ^ :}: :!: The most interesting garden seen in Torquay was that of Air. Eden Plnllpotts, the famous novelist. Here, gathered together in a space not much exceeding an acre, was a collection of interesting plants in such variety as would be almost impossible to find in this country in similar conditions. Not only were the plants interesting themselves, but in many cases their growth was such, favored no doubt by the amiable Torquay climate, as to make one, coming from a section where the ^^'inters are of a more rigorous nature, sigh with envy. For example there were Buddleias fully 25 feet in height, and a splendid specimen of Bcrberidopsis coral- Una 20 feet high. This beautiful climbing evergreen is a native of Chile and is hardy only in favorable sections even in England. The leaves, two or three inches long, are of a beautiful dark green, and somewhat spiny along the margins. Its small, globular, crimson flowers are abundantly produced on long pedicels in leafy racemes. Here, too, the climbing Butcher's broom, Sem-cle an- drogvjw, from the Canary Islands, was thriving vigor- ously out of doors. This is one of the most handsome of vines and imparts a curiously tropical appearance in any garden in which it may be grown. It is usually grown as a greenhouse plant and is valuable for this purpose when room can be afiforded it. Its small, rather incon- spicuous flowers are produced on the margins of the leaf- like branches, m this respect being comparable to the sniilax of the florist. This garden is fully described in a vastly entertaining and whimsical fasiiion in Mr. Phillpott's book "jMy Gar- den." In his introduction he states that he grows over 1000 ditlerent genera and this, be it remarked, in a space of about one acre. It is perhaps this tendency of the amateur gardener in England to grow collections of as many species and varieties of plants as he possibly can that serves much to distinguish him from his confrere in this country. Everywhere throughout the wlmle of Engl.-md one may find small gardens, containing ;i won- derful variety of i)lants lovingly tended, in part at least, by their owners, it is jjarlly made possiijle to grow such a large number because of the hold that rock gardening has on the hearts of the English gardeners. The plants used for this purixise, in many cases, are so diminutive that an eu'irmous number of species may be grown on a relatively small area. In this connection, it may be worth while to again raise the question as to whether more jjleasure is obt.iined from a garden having a great variety of plant material, or from one where the garden picture is all ini]'orlant and made with the use of as fniall a variety of material as possible. Those who look on the garden as a ])urely artistic affair are always pione lo depreciate the use of a large number of species. This ap;;lies in Ivngland as well as in this cojntry. We will admit the fact that it is imixissihle to obtain such truly artistic results when the aim of the gardener is to maintain a large collection of jjlants. Yet, does not a garden made op the latter ])rinciple, assuming of cour.sc that the plants are spaced with as much regard to artistic consideration as possible under the circum- stances, present to tlie ])Iant lover a greater variety of interesting features throughout the year than one de- signed by a landscape artist who ignores the intrinsic interest that plants in themselves possess, and has no other purpose in view than that of creating a beautiful composition ? The inevitable rock garden was of course in evidence in Mr. Phillpott's garden but in this case a distinct de- parture from the usually accepted type was noticed. It might perhaps be described as a "formal"' rock garden — formal in the sense that no attempt whatever is made to simulate natural surroundings. Its top is bounded by the straight line of a terrace and its bottom by a similar straight line, i)arallel to the former, of a gravel walk. 'I'he front of the rock garden is raised about two feet above the level of the walk, extends backwards about eight feet, rising to a height of five feet, and covering what woitld normally be the ordinary terrace slope. The rocks are arranged as naturally as possible .snd the "pockets" are planted with a varied and interesting .collec- tion of alpine and other plants. The dainty wild Cycla- mens were thriving satisfactorily here, and also the rare Hriiiacea piingois. a dwarf shrub with violet-olue papilionaceous flowers. Rcthiispora Sandcri (^Chanuccy- paris obtusa, var. ericoidcs). one of the most charming forms in this valuable genus, here nroved its fitness as a rock garden evergreen. The quaint and column-like Junipcnis coiniinniis liihcriiica. was rejiresented in several ])erfect specimens. A rock garden of this type may contain suggestions for those who are faced with the problem of maintaining a suitable growth of grass on a terraced slope. In those cases where the slope is so steep as to make it difficult to maintain grass in good condition, it might be worth while to consider facing the slope with rocks and ])lanting it with suitable material. This would "be siiecially service- aljle in a small garden where room was unavailable else- where for the growth of alpine and rock plants. If may be nientioned, by the way, that the printed page of "Aly Gard.en"' presents a strange appearance to those accustomed to orthodox gardening publications, as Mr. Phillpotts for the most ])art dispenses with the use of cap- itals for the initial letter of the generic names of the ])lanls. In the case of the specific names, however, he is usuallv (pute orthodox and. in conse(|Ucnce. throughout the book we ccjmc upon names written as follows: ;^eraninm Lancaslririisr. biiinhusa Fortiinci. fritilloria Sc-Mcrzowi. Whether Mr. Phillpotts is estaijlishing a ))recedent of his own in this case, or whether he is simply follcjwing someone else, we do not know. The Zoolo- gists, in their code of nomenclature, !ia\e eliminated the use of capitals in tlie case of specific names, btit we have never heard of anyone dis])ensing with them for the iiiiti.d letter ol generic names. This hurried tri|:i into Devon was sufficient to indicate why this county received the sobriquet "glorious Devon." fhe richness of its agricultural di.stricts, the beauty of its scenery, and the flavor of tlie far-famed Devonshire cream, was sufficient to prove, to us at least, that the native Devonians are not too boastful in using the adjec- tive "glorious" in describing their county. One soul- satisfying trip was made by automol)ile over Hay Tor on Dartmoor. On the moor, usually associated with grey granite rocks, were immense jiatc'ies of golden gorse and purple he.-ilher intermixed which provided a picture that w;is not surjjassed in anv "f llie gardens that we bar; the ])rivilege ol" \isitin'.;. It was inleresling ;i day or iwd lati r to cuiiipare m our mind's eye llie character (if the vegetation that one sees in these upland, ninnvl.ind regions with that to be found on the chalk dnwii- that, in a kir-t- jiart. make up ( ( 'oiiliii'ied (III p<',i:( M I For FehriKiry, 1922 41 Funkia — Plantain Lily RICHARD ROTHE FUNKIA — syns. Hosta, Sausurea — the plantain lily is a hardy herbaceous genus of the large order Liliacccc. Most of the garden species of funkias are well known and easily obtainable, but as to their wide scope for ettoctive employment many of us have only a vague idea. Planted upon a border, sunny throughout the whole day, occupied by strikingly free flowering- perennials and annuals, they are apt to prove disappoint- ing. Their spikes of white and lavender bell-shaped blos- soms, under the given condition, do not conspicuously augment the vividness of color arrays and, throughout the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, the foliage does not always endure the full force of the mid-Summer sun without injury. However, it is usually the reverse in semi-shady situations or in positions with full sunlight limited to morning and evening hours. Then, in well- enriched and deeply dug soil ])lantain lilies are sure to develop a captivating ornamentality in perfect foliage and, during mid-Summer, a very acceptable display of funkia laiiccolata albo viargiuala flowers. Funkias are one of the few dependable items for soivirig the always more or less difficult problem of estab- lishing a permanei!t growth on narrow borders running along northern housefronts. If not neglected in watering, the laiiccolata and orata types even hold out well and look presentable under awnings. When arranging shore- plantations of lake and pond, or, when engaged in iDrookline gardening we find especially the large robust growing species simply indispensable. Growing in the full sunlight near the water line the foliage rarely ever suffers by reason of excessive heat. .Fnnkia subcordata granditlora. a species from Japan, with light green, heart-shaped large foliage and, during mid-Summer, glistening white fragrant flowers, is a uni- versal garden favorite of long standing. The chief at- tractions of Funkia Fortune! are the steel-blue medium sized foliage and light lilac racemes on stems not extend- ing much over the leaves. Funkia laiiccolata, with long- narrow green foliage, is the freest flowering plantain lily, its numerous lavender blue bells being borne on long graceful stems well above the plant. Funkia orata, syn. ca^rulca, distinguished by broad green foliage and pale lilac spikes is one of the best for placing near the water- line. Strikingly beautiful are the variegated forms of ozvta — note\\orthy ozvta albomarginata and aurca varic- i^ata. The latter is also found listed under the name Japan- ica aurca varicgata. Unquestionably the most stately of all is the true Funkia Sicboldiaiia. producing enormous Funkia subconlata graiidiliora Steel-blue leaves of tropical luxurience. For perfect de- ^•eiopn1ent this species needs a rich sandy loam and an open moderately moist situation. Funkia minor alba is a wavy green leaved, smaller growing type, producing long- stemmed white flowers, which, like those of lanccolata, are useful for cutting. Of a number of handsomely varie- gated forms I mention Funkia robnsta clcgans varicgata, lanccolata albo marginata, viridis "Thomas Hogg" and the well known undulata media picta frequently used for edging purposes. funkia uvata, syn. cocndca Funkias are best propagated by division early in Spring. Tliev may be also raised from seeds sown in cold frames. Seedlings of variegated forms come true to only a small percentage. It requires from two to three years" culti- vation of seedlings before obtaining- stock of trade size. Winter protection is required only in northern States. 42 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Love of Flowers BERTHA BERBERT-HAMMOND How beaatiful is a flower ! It is like the soul of a child Set free and growing wild In the sunshine and the shower. So fragrant, so fair, so true! Of the spirit's texture spun, It smiles with the smiling sun. And it weeps with the weeping dew. God loves it — and why not we? 'Tis a face with a soul a-shine, 'Tis a thought of the mind Divine, 'Tis a hint of the life to be. AS flowers are one of Nature's choicest and most beautiful gifts to mankind, and appear almost human in some of their characteristics, it is c^uite natural for those who know tiowers to entertain a sort of feeling of friendship and warm affection for them. An admiration for these "stars that on earth's tirmament do shine'' is enshrined in the heart of every lover of the beautiful, and fortunately, it is no longer considered effeminate for our boys and men to display their love and appreciation of flowers. Many of the European nations have been in advance of us in floral appreciation. Concrete evidence of the appre- ciation and love of flowers is found in Japan in the almost universal use of names of flowers in the naming of the daughters of the nation and in the designation of their festivals and of certain parts of the year. The Japanese words for cherry-blossom and for chrysanthemum are commonly used as names for girls, and plum and cherry blossom time are observed in the Spring and maple-leaf and chrysanthemum season in the Autumn. The educational and ethical value of a love of flowers cannot be doubted. The appreciation of the miracle of growing things, and the love of the beautiful instilled into the receptive mind of a child will almost invariably exert ari influence that will tend to develop the finer side of the character. As the love of flowers seems innate in a child, it is necessary only to encourage and stinudate this natural tendency and direct and guide the enthusiasm until an intelligent and permanent interest may be estab- lished, one that will foster the best development of the individual. With a set of garden tools, carefully chosen in regard to their suitability and adajHation to the size and strength of the child, there is no e.xercise that is Hkely to prove more healthful, and fascinating than a moderate amount of digging and delving in the ground. Some persons claim that ihi- nearness to Mother Earth, and the actual contact of the hands with the soil, exerts a sooth- ing efi'ect on the nerves that is almost magical, and that the transmission of vital currents is elifected from the humus in the soil to the human body. John Dryden al- ludes to the jjotentialities of outdoor exercise in the fol- lowing stanza : Better to hunt in fields for health unbought Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. The wise for cure on exercise depend ; God never made His work for man to mend. The constant association with the soil and growing things will leave a luark that is not readily elTaced. In her book entitled "Freckles,'' Gene Stratton-Porter says with truth : "Nature can be trusted to work her own miracle in the heart of any man whose daily task keeps him alone among her sights, sounds, and silences." Those outdoor workers who have labored understand- ingly and in harmony with Nature, have come to believe that there is a tangible reciprocity between the skilled gardener, the soil and the plant kingdom that gives ample evidence of a responsive higher power, without which the miracles of field and garden would not be possible. We may dig the soil, plant the seed, but without the co-opera- tion of that great and beneficent power, which pervades the universe, our labors would he in vain. There is something in the composition of normal man- kind that demands communion with the outdoors. For centuries man has taken enjoyment and comfort in "green growing things.'' Dion Clayton Calthrop says : "To garden is part of everv man's philosophy. To sow the seeds, to watch the tender shoots come out and brave the light and rain, to see the buds lift up their heads, and then to catch one's breath as the flowers open and disi)lay their precious colors, living, breathing jewels, is enough to lii e for." Even when grown for pleasure only, flowers have and hold an important place in the economy of life. They exert an uplifting and refining influence that is within reach of thousands of pensons who by circumstances are denied the refinements and the aesthetic joys of good music and fine paintings. That person who has in his heart a:i unaffected love for flowers, has within himself an unfailing source of ])loasure and comfort and a capacity for a keen appreciation of the higher things of life. .Xs F. W. Rurbridge writes: "Devotion to Flora as a queen among us is as yet a living truth, and among or around the hearts of all true ganlcncrs there is woven a thread of twisted oold."' A Famous Roof Garden GEORGE CECIL ALTI1()L'GH a roof-garden is nut an uncnmiiHiU thing, one which includes fruit and vegetables, in addition to the usual shrubs and flowers, is a nov- elty. A garden of this description is to be found in Paris — located on the leaden roof of the Louvre. Seventy-one years ago the chief custodian of the Louvre leads i)incd tor some means whereby hi- might utilize his leisure, and, at the same time, l)c;iutify the large expanse of flat roof in his charge. One fine day the plomhirr en chef was struck by the idea to convert the leads over the Colonnade into a roof garden. "Figure to vonrself," .said he to a .sympathetic friend, "the .space is iiere, the i)lcssed sun shines in .iliinidance, and I have watc)- to spare. Win-, tlu-n, ^linnld 1 not construct a for Februarv, 1922 43 roof garden which besides being the joy and pride of our belle frajtee. will become a monument to French industry for all time?" At first the scheme liung fire, the powers-that-be, from whom permission had to be obtained, objecting strongly to the innova- tion. Xot; in fact, till yards of red tape had been ex- pended upon the tying-up of a voluminous correspond- ence dealing with the subject and covering a lengthy period, did the guardian of the leads receive a favorable reply. But, even then, all sorts of restrictions were imposed upon him, and only when he had undertaken to refrain from laying down earth on the sanctified roof was the desired permission finally accorded. Violets and Cacti Commencmg in a small way, the amateur gardener first turned his attention to shrubs, planting them in tubs. Shrubs, however, afforded little scope, even though much success was obtained with flowering varieties, and the in- dustrious plumber be-thought himself of flowers. A number of long, wide boxes were procured, and in them the proud owner of tlie garden reared Pelargoniums, Violets, Primroses, half a dozen different kinds of Carna- tions, Sweet Peas, Sunflowers, Tiger Lilies, and so forth. Rose bushes also repaid the loving care bestowed upon them, while the Chrysanthennmi, finding the vast depth of the boxes suitable to their particular needs, flourished exceedingly. Even the Carfi, imported from exotic Mediterranean shores, took root, thus adding to the inter- est of the "joli jardiii acrien tout riant'' as George Cain has so aptly described it in his delightful Xomrlles Prom- enades dans Paris. .\n Orchard in the Air Having made the most of shrubs and flowers, the ex- cellent plumber-gardener determined to embark upon a tiny orchard. So, ordering more boxes, he planted in them nurslmg fruit-trees which, alas ! at first refused to bloom. Indeed, not for some seasons could so much as a single modest bud be seen, and the proprietaire of the un- grateful trees was depressed beyond words. But one never-to-be-forgotten Sunday in Spring the saddened plumber-in-chief woke to find the blossoms bursting through their coverings, and in due course the Cherries, Pears and Apples ripened. For the past few years the orchard has done all that could be expected of it. In fact, several kinds of eating and cooking apples are grown upon the roof of the Louvre, each being an admir- able spc-cimen of ;ts kind. A Vinery First the Apple, then the Vine. Experiments were made, and for some time the grower drained the cup of disappointment to -ts dregs. Eventually, however, he hit upon the right sort of Vine, and his table was laden with grapes cultivated on the premises. In moments of con- fidence the present plouibicr-in-chef admits that the fruit lacks flavor : but upon ordinary occasions honest pride reduces their acidity. Of late, attempts have been made to induce Peaches, Apricots, Greengages. Plums and Figs to grow, and with disappointing results. "Legumes a Choix'' After the roof-garden had been in existence for some vears the plumber, prior to retiring from the official position which he had so long adorned, determined to hand down a kitchen-garden to the custodian appointed to succeed him. I-Iaving obtained permission from the authorities to extend the Wope of his activities, he ordered more boxes, and before manv moons had waxed and waned. Black. Red and White Currants. Strawberries and Raspberries, which usually require even more fresh air than a roof-garden affords, greeted the aged gar- dener's enchanted gaze. Lettuces thrive there; Peas al- most sprout for the mere asking : and a miniature Aspara- gus-bed has reixiid the attention bestowed upon it. He.\rt.s of Flint So succulent is the Louvre asparagus that, at the time of his departure, the gardener-plumber petitioned the Government to allow him an additional roof-space in whicli to lay down a second Asparagus-bed or, rather box. But the flinty-hearted authorities declined to oblige their old servant though they consoled him with a wel- come pension. The plumber, however, did not live long to enjoy it. His thoughts ever were of the forbidden Asparagus. THE LATE JUDGE MAREAN ■"THE passing of Supreme Court Justice Josiah T. *■ Marean, while he was sojourning in Winter Park, Florida, has brought to a large number of persons in all parts of the country a keen sense of bereavement. Many who had not come' within the sphere of his gentle and gracious persomlity. vet knew and felt the force of the "'mMM| ' M ^•^1^ 9 ^ *i£^ *^^9^^^^i , 1^ ihHIvJ"(^B k w'jt^T'flB ^^P*^^^! ■gibJb^M ^Bm y^ .. m^M^^m^ - M^ J.'siah T. Marean happy philosophy which ruled his life, feel a keen sense of loss. By his going the horticultural world has lost a com- manding power, for in his chosen field the Judge had no peer. Always a lover of flowers and out-of-doors, the Judge had for the past fifteen years devoted his knowl- edge and skill exclusively to the glorification of the Dahlia. In his lovely private gardens at "Daybreak," Green's Farms, Connecticut, he has worked patiently, ardently, but with sure and discriminating touch to bring forth' every latent beauty of this splendid flower. The triumphant results are known to all the flower- loving world. Almost it has seemed that among his tools in the "green workshop'.' at "Daybreak" there must have Iieen a magician's wand, for surely magic was wrought — miracles of color and form, and such perfection of finish as has never before been even dimly approached in the development of the Dahlia. Each year fresh wonders were accomplished to the astonishment and delight of an evergrowing audience of admirers : each year it seemed possible for the tranquil worker to transcend perfection.- (Continued on page 58) 14 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Vital Relation of Trees to Human Life and Wild Life HON. MARTIN L. DAVEY YOU know, we emphasize the word "freedom'' here which means that we do as we please ; "every man for himself and the devil take the hindermost." \\'e started out, then, to cut a pathway for civilization across the land of freedom, and in doing so we have suc- ceeded to a large extent in unbalancing the whole scheme of Nature. The trees, as individuals and in groups, are essential to all other forms of life. The bird life i.-; ab- solutely indispensable for the protection of your trees, and those two things together, linked up with other forms of life, make the essential background for human life. You know the average person does not seem to realize that the tree is a living thing, really alive. Oh, I suppose when you remind a man of the fact that it is alive, he will saj^ "Yes," but he doesn't realize that it is really a living organism. It has a breathing apparatus and diges- tive organs ; it has a circulation ; it has sexual processes. The tree breathes through its leaves, chiefly ; the under side of the leaf is a mass of small openings, myriads of them, into which the air penetrates and gives up its car- bon dioxide to be combined with the other food elements that are already in the leaf, having been brought up from the roots, and the oxygen is thrown off again for the benefit of man. It is true that this breathing process does not follow the principle of the bellows as in the human lungs, but it is just as real breathing as occurs in any other form of life. Then the tree has a circulation, just as truly as you and 1 have. Away down under the ground the little roots gather up mineral elements in solution; that is carried up in the sapwood all the way to the leaves and there under- goes the chemical change which makes it tree food. But in order that you can get this as a picture, I will ask you to imagine you are looking at the top of a stump, the cross-section of a tree. Right in the center you see the pith and around that succeeding layers of wood, each rep- resenting a year's growth. Originally, each of these layers in its turn was sapwood and served the purpose of a sap carrier. As it fulfilled that purpose and more layers were added, it became more and more dormant, so that in a large tree all these cells near the center are I)ractically dormant, and as you go outward toward the bark you find the wood more and more active as a sap carrier. The last few layers just inside the bark are the most active; it is there where most of the sap goes up. The sap is pumped up from down underneath the soil and carried all the way up to the leaves, irrespective of the height of the tree — sometimes one hundred feet, some- times one hundred and fifty feet or more — there it is transformed, digested. The mineral elements that were taken up in solution are comljined by a wonderful process with the carbon that is extracted from the air, and that is all done in the leaf. The leaf is probably the most wonderful factory that ever existed — more wonderful than any factory that man creates. It is there in the leaf that all food is created, food for man and food for vegetatitjn. In the leaf, under the influence of sunlight, this digestive i^rocess takes ])lace which creates the food that makes possible the continuity of all life. Everything we eat, everything we wear, is manufac- tured in the leaves of vegetation. It is impossil)le for man U> take into his system directly any mineral elements other than water and salt, and relatively small quantities of those; all others must first jiass thrr)ngh the leaves of vegetation and be transformed into organic substances. Thus we find that the leaf, speaking of vegetation gene- rally, is the one and only connecting link between the organic and the inorganic worlds. And the great God who created the world and the life that inhabits it, made of the lowly leaf the greatest and most wonderful instrumen- tality of that life. I have told you about the tree's breathing and its cir- culation. I have tried to describe, in a way, its digestive process, and now I want to tell you just a little about its sexual processes. In all life there are two fundamental principles ; one is self-preservation and the other is repro- duction. All living things must follow both of these prin- ciples and be governed by them. This is true of the tree as it is of other forms of life. The tree has its sexual organs in the flowers just as real and just as beautiful as in other living things. The male and the female exist as positive factors, sometimes in the same flower, some- times in different flowers on the same tree. Sometimes you find the flowers of one tree all male or all female. The pollen is created in the male parts, is carried largely by the winds to the female organs, and there the wonder- ful relation takes place which carries the life on from one generation to another — a wonderful and a beautiful pro- cess. And thus we see that although the tree lacks the power of locomotion, though it has no intelligence and no nervous system, in all the other chemical princijiles it is just as truly alive as man himself. Another very important phase of the tree question is reforestation. It is an aspect of the matter that comes, I know, very close to your hearts, as- it does to my own, because it is bound up closely with your particular prob- lems. I must say that anyone who is solid on the idea of reforestation is bound to be solid on the idea of pro- tecting wild life ; and having given some study to the subject I must confess that I am solid on the desirability of the passing of the Public Shooting Ground — Game Refuge Bill. I wish that I were now in Congress so that I might help along this worthy project. In order to make you understand that these statements are not the result of my imagination and that they do not follow the princi})le that "the wish is father to the thought," I am going to read to you just briefly from the report of the United States Forest Service to the Senate, published about the first of June, 1920. This was in re- sponse to a Senate resolution : "The outstanding facts reported by the Forest Service arc : "1. That IJn-ee-fifths of the original timbi-r of the United States is gone and that we are using timber fcnu- times as fast as we are growing it. The forests remain- ing are so localized as greatly to reduce their national utility. The bulk of the population and manufacturing industries of the United States are dependent upon dis- tant supplies of timber as the result of the depletion of the jirincipal forest areas cast of the great jilains. "2. That the depletion of timber is not the sole cause of the recent high ])rices of forest jiroducts. but is an im- portant contributing cause whose ellecls will increase steadily as depletion continues. "3. Tliat tile fundamental problem i- lu increase tlie production of timber by stoi>ping lorest devastation, i'lie virgin ior^.-i^ of the Unite;l States covered 822.000,- 000 acres: that are now shiinik lo one-sixth of that area. .\li classes of forest land, including culled, burned, and For February, 1922 45 cut-over areas, now aggregate 463,000,000 acres, or a little more than one-half of our original forest. Including- everything, good, bad, and indifferent, "Of the forest land remaining- and unutilized for farm- ing- or any other purpose, approximately 81,000,000 acres have been so severely cut and burned as to become an unproductive waste. The area — '' Think of it — this area that is wholly useless, " — is equivalent to the combined forests of Germany, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal. Upon an enormous additional area the growth of tiniber is so small in amount or of such inferior character that its economic value is negligible." Some three hundred years ago there came to the east- ern shores of this country a band of pilgrims, and they found what was then the greatest natural wealth, prob- ably, in the world — land covered with a perfectly won- derful growth of trees. Captain John Smith sent back word from Virginia that he had discovered a land of inexhaustible fertility, and so it appeared. But now, less than three hundred years later, we find that thousands of acres in Virginia can be bought almost for a song be- cause that which had been considered inexhaustible is gone — the fertility of the land has been destroyed. On the other rock-bound coast of New England the scene that greeted the eyes of the Pilgrims no longer exists. Three-quarters of the original forest area of New Eng- land is gone; half the remaining timber is in the State of Maine. This great section that was so richly endowed wnh natural wealth, so abundantly provided for, has now reached the point where it imports something like 30 per cent of its consumption, and is rapidly approaching the stage where it will import the major portion of that which it consumes. The great state of New York some fifty years ago be- came the greatest producer of lumber in the Union ; today it produces not more than one-tenth of its consumption, to be exact, thirty broad feet per capita as against a con- sumption of three hundred lioard feet. Then the tide movel to Pennsylvania, and Penn's woods became the greatest producer of lumber following New York. To- day its production is less than enough for the Pittsburgh district alone — about 20 per cent of its consimiption. But that is not all the sad story of Pennsylvania. I wonder how many of you have taken a daylight ride across the Alleghenies. Those who have done so must have been shocked at the sight of miles upon miles of hills which have been absolutely robbed of their foliage. And that is not all. \\'hile the forests cover the lands the rains come down, jjercolate through the loose, porous soil into the subsoil, and from there find their way to the spring's and thence to the little streams and rivers. It is the network of roots of vegetation in the loose, porous, fertile soil that hold the water in check and gives it continuity — and those who have studied this problem know that the question of water suplny is tied u[) in the whole problem of the protection of the forests. Then, the reckless methods of the lumbermen are em- ployed and the trees are swept away — oh, so thoughtlessly. I sat with a gentleman yesterday afternoon who described some of the methods he himself had employed, and it al- most n-iade me heart sick as he told of how the little trees down to four inches in diameter were cut and the branches left I'ehind, causing forest fires which destroy vegetation and also destroy the very means of holding the soil in place. When this has happened and your rains corne down they wash the fertile soil into the streams and into the ocean, soil that it took Nature hundreds of years to pro- duce — all because of the prodigal waste and recklessness of mankind. We find that the tide moved up into the Great Lake States, where thirty or forty years ago there was such a wealth of timber ihat people said it could never be cut away — that it was inexhaustible. The original supply in the Lake States — Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota —was estimated to be 350,000,000,000 board feet. That has now been reduced to 8,000,000,000 board feet — from three hundred and fifty to eight billion. It is almost gone, including the great white pine that made that country famous. And then the tide moved into the South Atlantic and the Gulf States, and that vast expanse of wonderful soft woods, the yellow pine, is three-fourths gone; our govern- ment estimates that it will be exhausted commercially in from fifteen to eighteen years. The section from which I come, Ohio, Indiana and Illiriois, has almost ceased to be a factor in the production of lumber. There still remains a considerable quantity in the south .Appalachian States, but it is estimated by the government that that vast supply of hardwoods will be gone in from lifteen to twenty years. Then, we still have one remain- ing stand in the southern Mississippi valley, including the cypress ; and that, it is estimated, will be gone in about twenty years. There remain, in this great land of freedom and oppor- tunity, the forest areas on the Pacific coast, in Wa,shing- ton, Oregon, California, northern Arizona and New Mex- ico, Colorado, LTtah, Wyoming- and Montana. ^^'hen you consider the immense figures, it looks as though these areas were inexhaustible, but every time you exhaust one territory you lay a heavier burden on the next ; and thus your government has arrived at the conclu- sion that these vast quantities of timber on the west coast will be exhausted in about thirty or forty years. So that we face a problem of forest destraction with all its attendant ills ; and I say to those who are interested in wild life — if you forests go, your game and fish go with it. If wise measures are taken to protect the game, they wilL.- be taken to protect the forest ; and if wise measures are taken to protect the forest they will be taken to protect the game — the two are linked up insejjarably. If I were to offer a solution for the problem, if I had this job to do myself, there are two things I would set about to accomplish. First, I would put all lumbering under government supervision ;and I say that as one who hates the idea of government interference in business prob- ably as much as anyone. But I would take it as the lesser of two evils. I would put all lumbering from now on under the con- trol of the government and under the strictest possible supervision and regulation so that these wasteful methods I have referred to cannot be continued, so that we may be able to protect what we have imtil we can grow more. Then I would do another thing that perhaps would not be quite so popular in these days of taxes ; still, we have so many taxes now that we are used to it. 1 would put a tax of one dollar per thousand feet on all lumber cut from now on and every dollar of that money I would put into reforestation. In other words, we may talk about this question as much as we like, but unless we get down to some concrete proposal, some definite method of procedure, we shall never solve the problem or successfully meet its attendant difficulties. We must get some kind of action, and that without delay. One more thing I want to say, and this in order to em- phasize the importance of the question as bearing upon the future of our country. It was not so many years ago when China had as wonderful a covering of trees as we have now. 46 GARDENERS' CHROMCLE It is not so many years, either, since China cut those trees away and burned over the ground ; and today there are frequent appeals from China for help. Famine stalks over the land ; they have one crop in seven years, and at the other times they are not able to produce it. The de- struction of their forests has carried with it, to a large extent, the destruction of the productivity of their land. Over those vast stretches its fertility is gone ; and it is im- possible for China to reclaim herself until she rebuilds her forests and grows them again to some size. In the meantime, however, China has become ami will continue to be a land of perpetual famine. And the very process that took place in that sad country is going on here ; yet we are doing nothing of anv serious conse- quence to stop it. So my plea to you, as it is to all whom I carry this mes- sage, is that we do something now while yet there is time ; so that we may avert in America the destruction that has overwhelmed that vast country of the East. We in this land of freedom who have boasted so long of our wealth, our inexhaustible resources ; we who have inherited so much from the past, owe a debt to our chil- dren and our children's children. W'e owe it to them so to act that when they come into their own they will not point back to us with the finger of scorn because of our prodigal waste. — Bulletin of American Game Protection Association. The Nephrolepis Chart R. C. BENEDICT TH1£ illustration below shows the Nephrolepis chart which was exhibited at the Boston Fern Show in connection with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden fern collection. The chart represents one of the results of a study of these forms which has been carried on at the Brooklyn Garden for the last six or seven years. GENEALOGY AMERICAN VARIETIES '- BOSTON FERN ! CLflRKI - ' VERONA' «(AGlSlf1CA 3MITHI CRACILLIMA COCDl CRAlCI TRAIUNC EMERALD BARROWSI -WHITM6NI MIUERI ■ WHITMANI COMPACTA FLEECE ELECAHTlSSIMfl CALVESTONl ELMSFOPOl ROBUSTA PIfRSOm SPLENOIPA BAERI MIUSI fERTIllS EI£C0I1T(SSI»» ElEC COUPKIJ COMPACTS GBISTftTA wanam'aher SOPEHIOR DWARF BOSTON • SUPERBiSSWfl MUSCOSA V,R,»1SS,«A ="'^";,,3„,„, ANftA FOSTER 3 M1NNATE-- SCHUBERTI SPORT CXAlTaTA BOSTON FERN " AMERPOMU HARRrSI W K HARRIS ROOSEyELTl i DWARF SPORT ''""''■"' RANDOLPH! R005EVELTI „,,,oiil IMPROUED "'l-SONl WACNERI VICTORY ■, scorn FAICATA SCHOLZEU 3^J.>JN.TE 9CR£TNAI CIATRASI NEW YORK NEW JERSEY QUEEN SOPMlE KING COHSTAMTIHE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Nephrolepis Chart A copy of this chart has recently been installed in house 10 of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden greenhouses. In this house there are two groui>s of cultivated ferns. Accom- panying the chart, and arranged partly according to the relationship as indicated on the chart are numerous varie- ties of Nephrolepis, about 7i different kinds. Practically all the forms represented on the chart will be maintained constantly in this house, together with a collection of English varieties of Boston Fern and other forms of interest. In connection with the chart, there is framed the fol- lowing statement : "The ferns in this Imuse include practically all the best kinds for use as house plants. On th.e left bench are the kinds commonly sold as 'table ferns' because so many are raised and sold to fill fern dishes. JNIany of them are useful also as larger pot plants, and can be grown by any- one who can raise other house plants successfully. Even in ordinary apartment conditions, with dry air, drafts, too -much heat, too little light, fumes from illuminating gas, irregailar or too much water, they may be expected to remain decorative for weeks, sometimes months. "The ferns in the center and at the right are also useful house plants. They are of further interest because they illustrate the evolution of new varieties of Boston Fern, the course oi which has been worked out through studies carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and is illus- trated bv the chart above. "On the pedestals in the center arc specimens of the wild 'Sword Fern," the 'Boston Fern,' and its seven pri- mary mutations or sports : "Pierson I'ern,' 'Harris I'ern,' 'Scott Fern,' 'Foster Fern,' 'Roosevelt Fern,' 'Giatras Fern', and the 'Gretna Fern.' On the bench at the right — with some overflow in the next house — may be seen practically all the other varieties shown on the chart to- gether with some additional forms from England and elsewhere. "In the chart, the varieties indicated by arrows show some reversion in characteristics toward the Boston Fern. All the rest represent progressive variations away from the Boston Fern. A considerable number of new varie- ties have appeared in the Garden collections.'' A second frame in the same house is being installed containing photograjihs of some of the most connnon table ferns together with text descriptive of their cultural qualities. The aim of the Brooklyn Garden is to make (his fern collection as educative for visitors as possible, both as to proper names of the various forms and as to {Continued on page 64) For February, 1922 47 A Lesson on Beautifying Home Surroundings ARTHUR SMITH FROM what was said last month it will no doubt be gathered that landscape gardennig is very sharply distinguished from gardening. The successful prac- tice of the former depends on the practitioner having an artistic temiierament : an intense love for Nature ; an intimate knowledge n{ plants with their preferred en- vironments, and upon being familiar with all the many necessary preparatory details connected with garden making as a whole. I^andscape gardening is making pic- tures with plants : while gardening is the growing and care of plants without reference to the picture. The en- tire motive of the true landscape gardener is to make a pleasing picture, which picture must have a landscape or natural effect. As compared with the formal or architectural style of laying out grounds, the naturalistic has among other ad- vantages, that of giving an infinite variety of effects extending throug'hout the entire year. As F. Schuyler Mathews wrote, '"Nature puts so much variety into her reality that she is more beautiful than we can imagine." There is no monotony in Nature. Those who have studied and understand Nature's method of grouping plants and who carry out the prin- ciples are not likely to plan the monotonous system of arrangement too often found in gardens. It has been well said that a landscape has three dimen- sions — length, breadth and height. A consideration of the lattter is of the first importance in avoiding monotonv and unnaturalness. Those who have admired wild, sylvan scenery, realize the delightful attractiveness of its com- position. Although it may lack the more conspicuous and strikingly Auriferous species which we ttse in gardens, the effect as a whole shows very clearly what may be ac- complished by good grou])ing. irrespective of the plant material used. What a marked contrast to this is seen in many gar- dens. Plantings consisting entirely of shrubs are made and composed of a few species which grow into more or less long, monotonous looking belts of about the same height, with a flat, inartistic surface. Sometimes, to make such cases ten times worse, the natural beauty of indivi- dual shrubs is frequently extinguished and the production of flowers is to a greater or lesser extent — according to specie.s — prevented, bv shearing ; by this means a uni- form height is maintained, and absolute ugliness created. The fundamental ])rinciple whereby a beautiful and inspiring picture can be made is to have a broken sky line combined with a billowv and wavy mass ; bearing in mind in this connection what the plants will develop into, rather than what they are when planted. Shrubbery should always have some evergreen species intermingled with it for the sake of Winter attractiveness ; evergreens also make for more seclusion which is so desiralile in a garden. While the above should be considered in all groupings, the boundaries of our home scenery should be made, by means of suitable plantings, to assume the irregularity of natural outlines, and at the same time when possible, ad- vantage should be taken of any outside landscape effects as to prevent any limitation of boundaries to appear from the residence ; this can generally be accomplished by having one or more places where the planting is con- fined exclusively to dwarfer species. Another bad arrangement is to make the boundary planting follow the fence line so strictly and to be of such uniform width all along, that the general view is not much, if any, superior to that of a mere hedge. Ac- cording to the area of ground to be dealt with, more or less pronounced bays and promontories must always be a feature of belt-plantings, if for no other reason than that they increase the apparent size of the garden. In following with the eye the salient points of scenery we find it composed of lights and shades. These are produced by undulations, and the undulations again are produced by promontories and bays. While every effect has its outline, it should be so broken that none can tell where the boundary of each particular scene finishes. The various impressions observable from lawn to sky- line should group themselves together as harmoniously as the leaves group themselves into masses, and as these masses again group themselves into the outlines of a fully developed tree. The question of straight avenues of uniform sized trees comes to mind at this point. Unnaturalness of plant- ing anything in straight lines must be obvious to most people who give any thought to the matter. At first sight a long avenue of trees may give pleasure through gran- deur, historic association and age, but the same grand development along natural lines would add incomparably to the permanency of the pleasure to be derived. Walk through the grandest avenue and it will become tiring and monotonous to our sight long before the end is reached, and it will certainly fail to afford continual satis- faction. On the other hand a drive, however long, bounded by naturally arranged and broken groupings will ever satisfy ; never become tiring to the senses ; the ever- varying light and shade will lend new impressions; changes are created by every shift of sunlight and sea- son, and it never fails to charm however frequently it may be seen. The smaller the place the more objectionable do ave- nues and straiglit rows of trees become. Throughout the year the unfolding and waning of plant growth gives forth continually varying and charm- ing effects, not only in connection with one species planted alone, but more so when many species are planted together. To plan successfully the landscape develop- ment of land one must be thoroughly acquainted with all the changes to be observed at different periods of the year, otherwise there is danger of merely having certain effects for a short period in Summer and nothing vi'hich amounts to an\thing for the rest of the year. The aim of the designer should be to create a scene which will be more or less effective all the year around. A great mistake is sometimes made when too many individuals of one species are planted together. It is true that in very extensive plantings upon large estates these individual groups may be larger than upon small ones, but even then the margin of difference is small. We should aim to intensify as much as possible the changes in effect which the seasons bring forth by hav- ing as great a variety as the area will permit, so that in an\- month throughout the year we can discover subjects for pleasure and admiration. W'hen the senses have been gratified by one particular form and color, still others should be found to carry further and higher this sense of gratification : this may be obtained by passing from the ob-ervation of the characters of one species to_ that of others. Too much of one thing at one time — however good that thing may be — creates an unpleasant 48 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE feeling of satiation at one period and a void at another. The effect of Time upon landscape development should have full consideration, although some people appear to forget this altogether, and they fail to understand that each year will see produced many new, delightful and surprising impressions. It is true that one may have moved on to their place trees of ten, twenty or more vears old, and so produce at once effects which would require such number of years to develop if a start were made by planting young ones. Many people, however, find it intensely interesting to watch things grow, and by the use of young stock not only is this pleasure ob- tained, but there is a vast saving in the initial expense. In studying how we may render our grounds beautiful, not only for a few months only, but for years, it will be necessary to have recourse to means adapted to the end. Some things endure but for a season, while others last for whole hundreds of years. Three points re(iuire our closest attention in respect to planting — permanency of effects, future effects, and present effects. In all our operations the various so-termed permanent plants must prove the basis. Ever-bounteous Nature has provided these in sufficiency for every display, the flowers taking precedence in Summer, rich colored foliage and Iruit in the Autumn, and the continuance of fruit with evergreen foliage through the Winter. It is not possible for any one to form a correct opmion upon a landscape planting unles they are thoroughly ac(iuainted with the characters and habits of the material of which it is composed, and are also capable of visualiz- ing the possibilities of its ultimate development. Many, in" fact all, of the best in the way of trees do not show their fullest beauty until touched up by the hand of Time. In arranging all long-lived subjects the after effects must have full room to develop. Too often what may be termed future or prospective effects are not held in suffi- cient account. Sometimes in order to satisfy the owner's impatience for immediate effects landscape men, against their better judgment, plant too closely. Perhaps there would not be so much harm in this were thinning-out done at the proper time, but unfortunately this thinning is deferred until it is too late to prevent the harm being done. Were such matters seen to when reqiiired this might be obviated and quick-growing, short-lived sub- jects would not then be allowed to injure plants of a more permanent description, nor would good plants be allowed to destroy the beauty of each other by having to struggle amongst themselves for life. The duration of plants, to whatever class they happen to belong, holds an imjx'rtant place in our arrangements, for i)lants of the longest endurance are invariably the most worthy of the highest rank in our esteem. is^ot only during time measured 1)_\- years do we jiass from one beautiful effect to another, but each succeeding month throughout the whole course of every year should have some special feature of beauty connected with it. Some people are able to always live under conditions of more or less perjietual Summer ; they may have a resi- dence at Palm I'.each. and another in Maine, with ])er- haps one in lietween these places, but they cannot, how- ever, be said to have a home in its real sense and they kncAV little or nothing of the continuously Ixautiful landscape effects which it is possible to create at one siX)t. With the majority the home landscape is always present and it .should always be attractive. If it is not so, and if at any season there is lack of something interesting it shows lack of forethought in its planning and develo])- ment. As John Burroughs said: "'ibe l!ook of Nature is always open Winter and Summer, and it is always within reach and the pri::! legible to tho.se with eyes to read it." We have emphasized the necessity for having the house harmonize with the country, and the more pro- nounced the discord between the house and its surround- ings the less artistic will be the home. Naturalness is also always lost to a greater or lesser degree by drives and walks. These must be looked upon as necessary evils, and our object should be to minimize as much as possible their effect by reducing their area, and by constructing them of such material as will render the inevitable dis- cord as little pronounced as possible. Naturally the distance of the residence from the pul.ilic highway and the extent of the ornamental surroundings, aft'ect the length and number of the walks and drives. Sometimes the contour of the grounds enables the main entrance drive to run more or less below the natural grade. \\ hen this is so it is advantageous, inasmuch as the drive is to that extent invisible excepting when one is actually upon it. It is of considerable importance that a drive, which practically amounts to a lifeless line of gravel, should not intersect the grounds in front of the house, as it Ihen becomes a disagreeable object, and it should not interfere witli the general artisticness of the landscape plan. As a good aproach doe.- more than anything else to create a favorable first impression, the entrance, which is the first point seen, should be in accordance with the style and size of tl-.e place, and it should be so adequately dealt with as to not only prejudice one in favor of it, but it should also be so arranged as to give a fair index of the general character of what may be expected of the grounds themselves. If the entrance is recessed from the street, the area of such recess must depend somewhat upon the size of the place and the distance to be traversed before the residence is reached. Obviously it would be nut of harmony to have a very impcfsing entrance, deeply recessed, in coiuiection with a small place with the house only a hundred or so feet from it. The amount of, if ah}', architectural work in the form of brick, stone, or iron, connected with the entrance depends entirely upon the conditions. When gates are considered necessary, obviously they nuist have some kind of pillars to support them, hut when such are not required and the entrance is in purely natural surroundings, the less of architectural eff'ects the better. .Again alluding to the above mentioned point that an (.ntrance should be some index to the character of the interior, it is very important to avoid violating what may he termed a fundamental principle of good taste, by anv undue ostcntatiousncss in its treatment, especially if this is combined with a pica\une treatment of the grounds in- side. Cases of this kind become on a par with the biblical whitcd se[)ulchcr, or as one writer ])uts it, like the elaborate, gaudy entrance to a ten cent show. Whatever the subsequent direction taken by it, it is invariably best for the first portion of the drive to be at a right angle to the public highway, although it may some- times happen tliat some niodificalinn of this rule may be advisable. .\s a (lri\c is for the purpose of reaching the house it should proceed there as directly as possible, at the same time graceful curves may be introduced when such are l)crmitted by the conditions. Its course and direction will be chielly modified by the contours of the ground and it should avoid passing through deep depressions or over liigh clevaiions. In principle, no curve in a drive or walk should \)v permitted unless there is an obvious reason for it, and meaningless snake-like turning and twisting are in worst possible taste. .Ml curves should be gentle, and liiey should onl\ be used to avoid something. \\'hen a (Coiil'niucd I'll l^a!;c 55) For February, 1922 49 Orchid Exhibit at the Missouri Botanical Garden GEORGE H. PRING OF recent date the garden orchid collection has been considerably augmented by the donation of the noteworthy Brownhurst collection, by the late D. S. Brown, of Kirkwood, Saint Louis. This splendid private collection combined with the garden botanical orchids, places it as one of the foremost of public col- lections, making it possible to present an exhibition equal to any other botanical garden exhibition. In previous years. the flowering plants have been shown in mass formation ar- ranged in alcoves upon tiers of stages which seem tO; be the adopted method.- Occasionally we find the stages camouflaged with cork bark and then again we find rockeries built in artistic design. These pseudo creations have been used at the gar- den at various times despite the fact that it is misleading to the general public in so far as imparting habit of the growth of the plant and especially where the epiphytes are grown in pots, is it impossible for the layman to understand the ditTerence between epiphytes and terres- trials or the sapro- phytes when they are all shown as one class. Previous years when people have been view- ing the flowering or- chids, one will fre- quently hear remarks as: "Oh, here are the orchids ! Why, 1 thought they grew upon trees!" "Sure," replies the companion. "They're parasites." It is therefore manifested that the public should be enlightened as to the characteristics of the orchid by arranging the plants in a replica of their natural environment. The must familiar flower to the layman is that of the large mauve colored Cattleya and without this flower in quantity, there are no orchids, despite the fact that hundreds of (Jther species and hybrids are shown. In view of these manifestations, the garden has deviated from the average arrangement so that the visitor may study the individuality of both flower and plant. thereJDv familiarizing' himself' with the difl:'erent habits of the orchid and likewise suggesting that there are just as many showy orchids outside the genus Cattleya. The most natural wav lo educate the public is by copying the orchid as grown in the tropics. It was therefore decided to use the floral display house (Banquet hall for the N. A. G. Convention. 1920) so as to reproduce a replica of the Cordilleras of Colombia and Venezuela. During the past \-enr all dead trees were collected from the garden arbore- tum and city parks, the tops being used after they were cut to a height of twenty to twenty-five feet and the side branches cut to a convenient shape. Twenty-five of these trees were brought into the house and arranged in forest formation, in- terspacing with tall growing palms and overcoming the Dare- ness of the branches by the use of Tillandsia iisucoides in festoons. These trees were em- bellished with all the flowering epiphytes as Cattleya, Lcelia, Lcc- hocattlcya, Brassocat- tlcya, Vaiida, Acrides, Epidcndnini, Coryan- thes, Dcnbrobium, etc., and arranged so as each specimen could be read- ily distinguished from the other. The spa- cious brick floor was entirely covered with six inches of partially decomposed leaves, as one would expect to find when travelling through the forest, even the walks received this covering so as to suggest the beaten trail, so much so, that visit- ors at first were afraid to traverse the sug- gested area, thinking that the entire space was reserved for the display. All the ter- restrial orchids were arranged beneath the trees countersunk m this leaf mulch so as to hide the pots and to give the impre-sion as if they were growing natu- rally in the ground. Ferns were used in combination with such terrestrials as Phragniopcdilum {Sclenlpcdium), Paphiopcdllum { Cypyipcdiiiin) , Taiiiia. Habenaria. etc. _ The press has been highly complimentary upon this exhibition, giving it wide publicity. The January attend- ance has been greater than any previous year, live thou- sand visiting the show during the opening afternoon. A iiliiiipsc- 11/ the orchid exhibit at the Missinin Botanical Garden 50 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE God's Best Berry STRA\\'BERRY propagation in a private garden, whetlier the area be big or little, should be regarded as a business of importance. It is in the nature of a casual matter with the field grower. If the runners root, well and good ; if they fail, well, better luck next time. We will leave the latter to his gambling wheel of fortune and consider the subject from the point of view of the gardener who, as far as is humanly possible, turns the wheel himself. Three fundamental points are : 1 . the jilant from which the necessary runners shall be taken ; 2, the type of runner which shall be chosen ; and 3, the manner in which it shall be rooted. As a general rule the private cultivator has entire control over each of these though, in some cir- cumstances, he may be forced to proceed as convenience, not as judgment, directs. The points may most usefully be dealt with as set out. It is accepted that one year old plants will, in normal conditions, produce the finest runners or plantlets, espe- ciallv, perhaps, those which have proved their power of fruiting bv giving blossoms, but which have not been per- mitted to pass beyond that stage. There have been un- numbered controversies to decide whether runners from a barren plant (i. c, one which has never developed a flower truss), will be similarly barren, but the issue has never been authoritatively reached. If there were no risk the question could never have come up for discussion. There is a risk and it is not worth taking. Therefore, the decision must be in favor of the fruitful parent, with the supplemental one of choosing one year old plants, if pos- sible. Should these be, for any uncontrolled reason, un- available, the second choice must be from two year old plants, and the third, and final, choice from three year old plants. Apropos the runners themselves. The strigs are pro- lific in the production of plantlets, and propagation may be, consequently, carried to an intense degree, but this is more than doubt full v wise. Healthy plants in a clean plantation will send "forth so many strigs that the requi- site number of voungsters will be provided by the first or second planllet, or, in the event of necessity, both. Should a desire be felt to split hairs, and decide whether the first or second plantlet is the better, the best advice that one can give is for each grower to please himself, since, judging from the broad basis, there is no perceptible difference in the final results. Now as to manner of layering, which is one of the simplest forms of propagation. The strigs carrying the runners extend in all directions from the parent plants and manv of these will attach themselves securely to the soil so that the species may be perpetuated. This is a natural method of increase and the gardener adopts it as the best, but wisely carries it out under a definite sys- tem. He selects the' best suitable plants and the most promising plantlets and runs the process as in a set of harness. Three modes of procedure are popular, easv, certain, and all are based on the best plants, best runners principle. . . , , . The most common way. probably because it is the least trouble, and, incidentally, the worst, is to cleanse the alleys of weeds, attach tlie plantlets to the soil with small stones or pegs and await results. Undoubtedly better is to supijlement the cleaning by surfacing with good mould. as this conduces to sujierior and quicker rooting. 'I he chief disadvantage occurs when transplantation must be done in hot, dry weather. The soil falls from the roots in lifting and the plants may. consequently, sustam a check to progress. This may not be a substantial dis- ability in general culuire. but those who aspire to achieve the finest results regaril it with suspicion and strive to avoid it. The second and third methods are very closely akin and may be treated of in association. The one is to plunge 3-inch pots filled firmly with light compost in the soil, and the other is to substitute 3-inch squares of turf, grass side downwards, for the pots : plantlets to the nec- essary number are attached to the soil in the pots or to the inverted turves, as the case may be, and water is given as imperative to prevent total dryness. Each is excellent. The roots come rapidly and numerously, they are retained within a circumscribed area and moving to pots or open quarters can be done with the ball of soil and roots intact. There can, then, be no cessation of advance. Turves are preferable to pots for one impor- tant reason. If the move to fruiting pots or rows cannot be carried out at the correct moment — that is to say, when the young roots are working freely round the ball — mat- ting commences against the cool, porous, impenetrable walls, the roots become hard and wiry in texture and growth is arrested after transference. The slight, un- desirable check has been inflicted. With turves this can- not occur. The roots may go beyond the limits specially provided, but, passing into soil, do not change their char- acter and the plants do not cease to advance, even mo- mentarily, after removal. A final word or two of insistence on the necessity of instant work and the subject must be left. Early rooted runners are invariably the best and giving, as they do, the grower power to proceed as he wishes with them, bring supreme satisfaction. Some gardeners have made big strides in the task, others have just started and many are waiting — for the_\- know not what. To one and all it may be said : Proceed instantly, work rapidly and thor- oughly to produce rooted plants ready for their fruiting quarters at the earliest possible moment. THINGS AND THOUGHTS OF THE GARDEN (Contiinicd from page 4U) Salisbury Plain. The moors are made up of a wet peat soil of a distinctly acid type, relatively poor in mineral salts. This of course is practically useless from an agri- cultural standpoint although it may have some value for pasturage and grazing purposes. On soil of this type we find C'a//;(;ia and other Ericaceous plants in abundance associated with Ulcx Europcrits. Many of the downs are also \-alueless from an agricul- tural standpoint, althou.gh some of them provide admir- able pasturage for .sheep. This because of the fact that the soil overlying the chalk is thin— in many cases it is only an inch or two deep — and in consequence is unable to su]>port any strong growth of vegetation. The pre- vailing type of vegetation is distinctly calcicole in charac- ter, tlie flora difYers from that of the moors and includes such plants as Hcliaiitliciiiiiui Chaiiucdsliis, Aspcrula c\')iancliica, and various terrestrial orchids. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Tlu' Standby of llic profcssioii;il. Tlic .Safe Guide for the amateur. I'ulilislied on the l.Sth of each month. If you are not a snhserilicr, send two dollars for a year's subscription and receive tliis maRazine regu- larly. CARDENEHS' CHRONICLE. 286 Fifth Avr . Nrw York. I1I1IIII1IIIIIIII unlit I liilllilililil iiiiiiiifiMltiiililltltiiiiiiiit Mliiflil lllliMI 1IIIIII1I For February. 1922 51 •MiiiiniMiuuiiiiuiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiimiitiiiiiii iiiimiiiiiimiiitiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM Work for the Month in the Garden SAMUEL GOLDING niiiiiiiiuiiitiiiitKiiitiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIUIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllimi^ BV this date all plans have been made. Stocks of necessary seeds, tools, fertilizers, spraying materials, and other sundries will soon be ordered ; mowing machines overhauled so that there will be no delay to take advantage of prevailing conditions, when we can, with confidence, resume sowing. Although February may be regarded by many as too early, owing to lack of artificial heating arrangements, yet the longer days and brighter sunshine remind us that the gardening season has opened in earnest. Where abundant facilities are provided for growing early vegetables and flowers, no time should be lost. It is the aim and object of all growers to prolong the season when fresh vegetables can be obtained, and if one can produce them for the table even a few weeks earlier than thev can be had from the open garden, they are always appreciated and are more than worth the extra labor involved. The greenhouse, pits, and frames are the mediums through which we can achieve this desirable end, whether plants are grown in them to maturity, or whether they are merely used to give the plants a start, to be afterwards planted outside to finish their growth, therei)y gaining much valuable time. Where space is limited, some cau- tion is necessary in starting seedlings, unless it is that one particuar crop is specialized in. Where many sub- jects are grown, the question of proper room for develop- ment becomes a vital problem. To insure success, one must always endeavor to keep the plants moving from the seedling stage to maturity, but the grower is governed by the local conditions which confront him. If abundant fermenting materials for the hotbeds have been collected, and the pits filled as advised in the last issue of the Chroxici.e, they should be in perfect state for seeding and planting before February is passed. It is necessary when making up a bed to have in mind its particular function — if it is to raise a crop of beets, car- rots, or cauliflower, which finish their growth where planted. These will require a steady and lasting heat which can be obtained by mixing a larger percentage of oak or beech, leaves with the stable manure, and then cov- ering this with a good compost, a depth of five to six inches. If the hotbed is made up solely for raising plants, then the bed should be covered with enough soil to absorb the rank ammonia fumes, and prevent damage to the tender seedlings from a too violent heat, which induces a rapid germination and possible damping ofif, if not very closely watched. Sow batches of horn carrots, beets, lettuce, spinach, cauliflowers, cabbages, radishes, and small salads. Sow in pans or flats onions, leeks, tomatoes, egg plants, pep- pers, and celery for early work. Continue to bring in successional batches of vegetables for forcing, which quickly respond to the influence of a little heat at this time, their growth is very rapid if a humid, growing atmosphere is maintained. ]\Iake up additional mushroom beds as the old ones show signs of exhaustion. Push on with any outside work whenever the climatic conditions permit. Finish up with all speed the pruning of fruit trees, and the Winter spraying of trees and shrubs. The San Jose scale is very partial to the lilac and it is advisable to keep a sharp look- out for it. Euonymus radican growing on walls is often subject to attacks of this pest and should be sprayed as a preventive measure. Give abundance of air, whenever it is possible, to plants wintering in the cold frames. Remove the sash on mild (lays ; i)ick oft" all decayed foliage ; keep the top soil loose about the planted stock by going over with a small culti- vator. Have on hand a good supply of covering material in case of a spell of severe weather. This is a splendid time to sow sweet pea seed, for the best results can be expected froiii seed sown now. Sow in pots or flats, and place in a frame : after the seed germi- nates, grow on as cool as possible, to develop strong, vig- orous root action and sturdy plants for setting out when the ground is fit for their reception. Use fairly light soil in the flats so they can be easily shaken out with a min- imum injury to the roots when planting season is here. ]\I.\RCH The advent of ^larch means busy da} s for the gardener. All available space under glass will be doing its maximun: amount of service. A full line of vegetables and flowers ma}- be started at once with every confidence of the ulti- mate results. In addition to the above mentioned varie- ties, dwarf peas and potatoes may be planted, and succes- sions of the very early ones sown when necessary, so as to maintain a perfect supply. It is a most unsatisfactory state of affairs to have a glut at one period, to be followed by famine. The raising of plants for Sunmier bedding will demand mimediate attention. Propagate cuttings of geraniums, fuchias, lantana, heliotrope, coleits, ageratum, and other stock on hand. .Sow as early as you can, seeds of Begonia gracilis and scmpcrflorcns. As the seeds are very minute, they require a longer period to develop into good sized jjlants for bedding than the average annuals. Sow Salvia splendcns. S. patens. S. azurca, S. farinacca (while the last two are not really annuals, they thrive well if treated as such), Bro'icallia speciosa, Celosia plu- mosa, in its varied forms. These are a few of the most important popular plants which take a longer period of growth before they can be used for ornamental purposes than do man\- other annuals. The average annual is a fairly rapid growing subject and one must be guided as to sowing by the probable date when their bloom will be desired. If successions are required, they should be started at the earliest opportunity. Many annuals do bet- ter when sown outside on the place where they are to bloom. Seeds of Fall blooming perennials -can be sown now, and they will make fine plants for setting out in the border during j\Iay. Seeds of Delphinium in variety should be sown soon to have bloom during the coming Summer. The seedlings- of the hybrid types should be planted together in blocks as they have a wide range, and varied shades of coloring. When grown together, it is less difficult to select the more desirable ones as to color and type. They can be lifted the following season and planted in the flower garden ; the one year old plants are most vigorous. Their wonderful spikes are one of the glories of the garden during the early Summer days. G.4RDE.\ERS' CHRONICLE The Greenhouse, Month to Month W. R. FOWKES 1. MARCH is a busy montli. The jiow-erful rays of the sun make more demands on ventilation. Seedlings need to be watdied and L-arcfnlly shaded. The pot fruit trees have arrived at an important period ; peaches and nectarines being the leading fruits raised in pots. It is not prudent to try to grow cherries, plums and pears in the same compartment with the nectarines and peaches as they require much syringing to check red spider. The cherries, etc.. rijjcn their fruit much earlier, and if they are syringed when showing color, they will crack and be ruined. \\'ith regard to tlie plums, if they are syringed when the fruit is ripening, much of the fruit will crack and the dense bloom will be destroyed. Hence the reason for separate compartments. The south, or warm end, should be used for the peaches and nectarines ; the cooler partition for the cooler fruits which have been named. .\s the fruit trees come into flower, give as much air as possible, avoiding cutting winds. ,\ir is essential for the setting of their fruits. As there are no bees at hand, take a rabbit's tail, tied to the end of a cane, and at noon when the pollen is open and dry, gently tap each truss, ^\'atch carefullj' the setting of the fruits, but do not try to hurry their progress with heat, as this would prove fatal. Fifty degrees at night must never be exceeded luitil after stoning is passed. When the fruit is set, syringing must be practised : do not use force to injure, and keep a humid atmosphere. If grapes are grown in pots, they must be grown on the alternate system ; by allowing the plants to do one year's work and then to have one year's rest. The fig is one ot the best of fruit trees for pot culture, although the culture of figs is not always attended with the success one might wish for. This often is due to the wrong methods employed. The fig, in the first place, has a tendency to .strong growth. It is also a gross feeder and if unchecked and grown in too rank a soil, will be a barren tree. Grown in an intermediate temperature in the same soil which is used for peaches, it should thrive well. Pruning must be performed with discretion. If a very strong .shoot ap])ears. it is better to cut it clean out than to jjrunc it to two or three eyes. Pinching hardens the wood, thus making the tree more prolific. Therefore grow ill fairly strong soil ; get a medium te.xture of wood ; ])iiicli from the fourth leaf, and you will rarely be disap- ]K)inted by having a useless fig tree. N'aturally a ])roper selection of suitable varieties adapierl for forcing must be adhered to. It must not be imagined that all varieties are especially good for forcing, although most of the best and largest sorts in cultivation are suitable for that purjiose. .Any first class nursery- man whose advertisement appears in the CiiRONiCLr, can su])ply them. Selections can be made from the follow- ing: I'iiigo-de Mel. l-.arly Violet Negro Largo. P.rown Turkey. I'.lriik Marseilles. I'.rown Tschia, X'ifilet Sepor. Overcrowding and growing in too shady a position must be avoided, as well as too much fertilizer, as both hi Ip to encourage an unfruitful growth in fig trees. Caladiums that have nicely started and are wanted for Summer work should be transferred from fiats to pots. U.ic a little choppefl sphagnum moss and sand in the loam, and an inch of crocks. Keep pots close together in a warm, humid, partly shaded place for three weeks until the growth has started oS well. Tuberous begonias and the ne.xt batch of gloxinias should be placed in flats of moss and sand soil, and kept on the dry side. They will provide a succession of bloom- ing plants that are needed v.dien we are through with many of the Winter bulbous stock. Propagate Lorraine llegonia by leaves. Insert healthy leaf stems half their IcnL'ili in the sand, not allowing the foliage to come near the sand. Six weeks' time will complete the operation. As we are crowded for space at this time of the year, some subjects can l>e grown suspended from the roof, without injuring any plants beneath them. We can pro- cure pot hangers from reliable firms, wdiich are light, yet strong enough to hold any kind of plant. E. T. McCar- roll has suspended Farleyense ferns over orchids ; also begonias and man_v other phints in five- to eight-inch pots. There are plants which we cannot always grow in wire baskets, and the pot hangers are certainly excellent for that purpose. Mr. McCarroll kindly informed me that he secured his from Joseph Alanda Company and that they are a decided improvement on anything he had used before. Poses arc in need of more syringing, but as their wants are so generally understood, it is hardly necessary to de- vote more than a passing remark to them. Wallflowers, KczccnsJs, come into their own now and are sweetly scented flowers that give promise of Spring. Immerse the baskets containing Oxalis into a pail of soot water every week. BoiigainvUlca and Clerodendrons, Tlioiii['so)iii, are starting u]^ nicely for Paster. These heat loving subjects ni'.ist be gently syringed. They can be trained to any kind of support. Aristodochia Sturtcvanlii is an interesting plant to adorn the conservatory in Summer, and is easily raised from seed. It rec|uires rather poor soil. Sow a i)acket of GrnnUca robusia and Aralia Sirl'oldi. They both make useful jilants for Summer decoration and as they are biennials, they can be used indefinitely. Sow also a packet of Praiicoa rautosa, known as the llridal wreath. It has an advantage over many other use- ful ])lants in that dust and a certain amount of neglect seem to suit its nature. Calanthes that have bloomed and have rested are start- ing out on their journey and the better method is to mix a light com])osl of peat, s])hagnum moss, sand, a little nuish- rooni manure, and loam that is fibrous. Place in three- inch ])Ots and do not water until growth is active. .\ shelf near the glass in a warm spot. '>r undermalli ihe tomato vines is another ideal |>lace fur tlnni. Now that the tomatoes arc in full \.yn\), in--te.-id of tak- ing otT-sels away cleanly, encourage a few of them to grow. When the crop is perfected, cut out llie old. main stem and the new growths will be tilled with bloom, and a fine cro]) atlained. To succeed the others, grow the new "( lolden .Sunrise." It is ;i no\i'lly. which has proved its worth. If cannas are desired for flower beds this Summer, they should be started the end of March. Mix a light coni- (Cnnliinicil on pai^c M) For February. 1922 53 A Garden of Blue Annuals Edged With White FLORUM AMATOR BLUE, Ihc culur of the sky, and the symbolic hue of hope, is especially deliglitful in a Summer garden, giving-, as it does, a suggestion of grateful coolness in contrast to the Summer's heat. .V garden of blue flowers, edged with white, produces a charming elTect. We have no very tall-growing, annual blue-flowered plants; therefore we will not be perplexed with arranging our beds of plants so that the taller will not shade the lower. However, our garden will be more attractive if w^e arrange to have the taller plants in the northern beds or borders of our garden. Let us, therefore, in one of the northern beds, plant the rich dark-blue, and in an-other the exquisite azure-blue annual Lupines. Their pea-shaped flowers are lovely, and delightfully fragrant, and their foliage is beautiful. They may be planted in the open garden in May and thinned out when small to stand out ten inches apart each way. Lupines grow quickly and their cut blooms are ex- cellent for table use. We may plant as an edging for these beds Agcratmn ("Little Dorrit"), the white variety, sowing the seeds where the plants are to grow and thin- ning them when young to stand about three inches apart. Within the last few years we are beginning to grow a little more freely in our American gardens that beautiful annual Salpiglossis ("Painted Tongue''). We should in- deed have a bed of these of the orchid-flowered type of purple-violet color, and another of the light blue with veins of gold. The funnel-shaped flowers of Salpiglossis face upward and are exquisitely marked with veins of gold or silver. They produce a wealth of flowers, which are highly esteemed for cutting, from early Summer till frost. It is better, if convenient, to sow the seeds in fine soil in shallow wooden boxes, and place these in a sunny window of our dwelling house or in a conservatory or hot bed, and after frost is past to transplant the young plants, when of suitable size, into the garden bed about eight inches apart each way, but the seeds may be sown in May in a bed of finely prepared soil in the garden in very shallow drills eight 'inches apart, and the plants, when lliey are small may be thinned out so that those left will stands about eight inches apart in the rows. There is an- other and a better way of sowing all flower seeds directly in the garden where they are to grow, namely, make drills of such depth as the seeds require at a suitable distance apart ; then make others crossing the first at right angles and at such a distance apart as you would like the plants to stand in the row. Plant two or three seeds at each point of intersection of the drills and when the plants are a few inches high, pull up at each intersection all the plants except the strongest. Suppose we edge our beds of Sulpiglossis with the prett>-, little white Lobelia com- pacia. We may sow the seeds indoors and transplant, or directly in the bed and thin out the plants to stand about three inches apart. I think we would like beds of the two types of double blue annual Larkspurs, one of the Stock-flowered type of sky-blue color, and another of dark blue of this type, one of the Emperor type in either black-blue or violet and another in either light blue or azure blue. The Stock- flowered type bears its blooms in columnar or pyramidal spikes; the Emperor type has its inflorescence in cande- labra form. Larkspur seeds should be sown directly in the garden beds in ]\Iay, and, when large enough, thinned to stand about six to eight inches apart. The plants will begin to bloom in Julv," and continue to furnish an abun- dance of beautiful flowers. v,-hich are excellent for cut- ting till frosts appear. Alyssiiin i^"Litle Gem") sown di- rcctl)- in the garden bed and thinned out to stand alioiit three inches apart will make a very pretty edging for our Larkspur beds. There is a beautiful lavender-blue variety of Scabiosa t Sweet Scabious) whose flowers are borne on long stems, and are very suitable for cutting, and are produced con- tniuously from July until frosts come. Scabiosa seeds may be sown indoors in early Spring and the plants trans- jilanted into the garden later, or in May sow directly iii the garden beds. We will, I think, edge our Scabiosa bed with Alyssum procumbens compactum, commonly called "Carpet of Snow," sowing the seeds directly in the garden bed and thinning out the plants to slaml a few inches apart, when they are small. There is a new and greatly improved variety of that unique plant, Nigella ("Love-in-a-Mist"), named "Miss Jekyll." It grows about three feet high, and has lovely flowers of cornflower-blue nestling amid its pretty, feath- ery, green foliage, the position of the flowers as regards the foliage giving the plant its common name. Nigella is among the hardiest of annuals, and bay be sown directly in the garden in the south in Autumn, and in the north in Larly Spring, or later in May. It should be thinned like otiier plants to stand a suitable distance apart. We never obtain the best blooms either as regards size or quality when t'.ie plants crowd each other. Nigella is especially useful in combination with other flowers in making up bouquets. We would like, I think, an edging of white Lobelia coiupacta for our Nigella bed. Shall we not have a bed of that old time, floriferons, fuzzy flower, blue Ageratum, planning the variety,"Swan- ley Blue." because it grows tall enough for cutting, and edge our Ageratum bed with fragrant white Sweet Alyssum, that dear, old-fashioned variety which blooms till November snows begin to fall? BymvaUia. commonlv called "Amethyst" from the color of the flowers of some of its varieties, is too little grown. I thi)ik you would like a bed of this of the variety spcciosa 'major. The beautiful ultramarine blue of its blooms, one of the rare colors in flowers, will certainly delio-ht you. You will need a very dwarf plant for bor- dering your Browallia bed, and you can again plant Alyssum ("White Carpet")- Let us save the last bed in our flower garden for Mvosofis ("Forget-me-not"'), using the variety seuipcr- ilorens because it is a continuous bloomer, and also some of the much admired, large-flowered, new variety, "Ruth Fischer." Our Forget-me-not bed should have for a bor- der a plant bearing' a verv s.nall flower of somewhat the same form as th.at of the Forget-me-not, and I think we would like for this purpose Alyssum ("Little Gem"). There are a few other flowers which we might grow in our blue garden, such as Centaureas ("Cornflowers"), purple saiidvtuft, purple Verbenas and blue Violas, but. perhaps, what we have arranged for will be sufficient for the first lesson. Of course you will follow the advice of Pliny, the Ro- man, in making your blue garden, namely, "Dig deep, manure well, work often.'' We have mentioned May as the time for planting the seeds of annuals, but they may aho be planted in lune, if the soil is kept moist while the seeds are germinating, and the plants from June seed sowing will bloom in middle or late Summer or in .\iitumn. 54 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCLE Plants of the Bible and Biblical Lands FLOWERS pressed and sent home from time to time during the recent war as well as the sojourning of so many of our soldiers in "the far east" have brought Biblical lands very close to us, and it may be interesting to some to have their memories refreshed in regard to the living things that spring from the sacred soil of such lands as we find mentioned in Holy Writ. Anything connected with Palestine especially, whose hills and valleys Our Saviour trod and whose rocks re-echoed the very words He spoke, must have a vital interest for each one of us, and there is wonderment in the thought that our eyes can behold today the very same kinds of flowers and plants that perhaps He looked upon and drew lessons from in His teaching. For in the Holy Land, conditions have apparently changed very little if at all since Our Lord's time, and we find the same manners and customs prevailing today as those which were in vogue over three thousand years ago. In other countries as time sweeps on, fashions come and go and progress is made in differ- ent directions, but Palestine. Syria and the greater part of Egypt as well as the Sinaitic peninsula remain un- changed, one of the features which strikes the traveler most being the marvelous antiquity and uniformity of the customs. Not only do these remain the same but also the bulk of the language, together with the productions and great natural features of the country. The shepherd mav lead his sheep in A.D. 1919 over the very hillsides frequented by the "Shepherd King." The traveler on his way may still pluck the ears of corn and allow his horse to feed in passing on the unenclosed crops of bar- ley, or "eat his fill of grapes at his own pleasure," as he goes through the numerous vineyards, with the single stipulation that he puts none into a vessel to carry away. In regard to the wheat and barley this practice is easy and natural as these crops are easily cultivated in Syria and Egypt, extending for miles over the country in one unbroken line and in good seasons yielding an astound- ing return. .\s the seed is still sown broadcast, every bit of tlie ground being cultivated, the ideas of trespass and prohibition do not exist, in addition to which there is the instinctive hospitality of the Eastern. The vine- yards are enclosed and carefully protected from the dep- redations of robbers and wild animals, yet this charter of "the stranger and the poor" as given in the law of Moses (Deuteronomy XXIII, 24 and 25) is still respected and observerl. The greetmgs and farewells are identical with those in the time of Abraham, although a little of the significance and spirit may have passed out of them. Going through the country parts particularly, one notices the adherence to the ways and things of the past. From the south of Egypt to the extreme north of Syria, the plough used today is the same as that employed in the earliest times and of the same pattern everywhere. It just serves to scratch the soil to a depth of two or three inches. If harvests were not so plentiful and crops did not respond so readily as they do in those favored re- gions, a little progress might have been made in the con- struction of this and other farm implements. Every- where the excellent cofifee is served out of the same little handlcless cup, imvarying in size and design, and at entertainments the ho.s't still ri.ses and after girding him- self with a towel, washes the feet of his guests. Im- mutability has been well said to be the law of the East. To the Jews and Greeks wc are indehtcrl for the earliest allusions in writing to i^lants and flowers, the former in the books of the Old Testament, the latter through the works of their poet, Homer. The Old Testament gives us the first account of a piece of ground being marked out and set aside for the culture of flowers, in its story of the Garden of Eden, supposed by some authorities tO' have been situated in Palestine. Later on we read of the "promised garden of Mahomet" and the far-famed hanging gardens of Babylon in which King Solomon, an enthusiastic gardener and botanist, took such keen delight. Doubtless the eyes of the Jews of long ago were not closed to the beauty and significance of the lowly things of the earth — David's utterances in the Psalms show that he must have lived very close to them — and they prob- ably had acquired much knowledge of plant life during the period of their wanderings before entering the prom- ised land. They were thus well able to read the book of Nature, hence the constant use made of it in Holy Scripture to illustrate some precept or inculcate some moral truth. Flowers occupied a proininent place on every Jewish festival, when they wished to show honor to distin- guished persons. In the -Apocrypha — Wisdom XI. 6 — we have a reference to this lavish use of wreaths which rims as follows — "Come on therefore : let us enjoy the good things that are present; and let us speedily use the creatures like us in youth. Let us fill ourselves with costly wine and ointments; and let no flower of Spring pass by us : Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before they are withered." To understand the nature of the vegetation and the Biblical allusions it is necessary to bear in mind the i^hys- ical features. Taking Palestine first, from north to south, we have a narrow tract of country nearly all parts ■of which, in spite of the existing mountains, reap bene- fit from the west,wind which blows from the Mediterra- nean dining the greater part of the year. The .Xrabs very appropriately call this wind "the father of rain," but during Summer and Autumn it only gets as far as making night mists which are soon dissipated by the morning sun. There is great diversity of surface in a small space and consequently a great variety of plant life. Going from west to east we have along the sea- coast a plain extending for about 10 miles inland. This is very fertile with the e.xception of its coastal edge which is marked by the presence of sand dunes. These seem to be encroaching inland and in places are quite wide. Amongst the plants growing on the sand dunes are Artemisia monospcnua, a species of wormwood, with a very strong scent and a bitter taste; .\triplcx porlnla- coides (.Sea Purslane) ; Sea Rocket, a cruciferous plant with fleshy leaves; numerous prickly members of the ubi(|uitous Daisy family. including Cyaiica S\riaca. with its violet colored flowers; Cyiioiiioriiim cocciiiiiiiii .if which the name alone is enough to startle anybody, a curious leafless, red plant covered with scales and jiarasitic on the roots of others, especially those be- longing to the f;nnily of Chcuopodiacrtc : I'otlim weed. a herb clothed with dense grey wool ; Squirting Cucum- lirr, of which some may like the botanical name — /;c/'(i/- linm clalcrium — with its thick prostrate stems, like long arms reaching out over the sand, rough leaves and small greenish gourds, startling the passer-by now and then by its explosive ejection of seeds; Crambc marilima (Sea- k-ale) ; Jasmine officinah. with its white sweet-scented flowers; Reseda orientalis: Salicomia fnilieosa and S. brrbaeea. the latter leafless with spikes of flowers jointed like the stem; different species of tufted Grasses, which help to bind the sand together: Thxmdiva hirsiila. a shrub I For February, 1922 55 with minute fleshy leaves and small yellow flowers borne in clusters noar the tips of the twites : besides i'rgiiica marittnia, the bulbs ol: which are the '"squills" used m medicine, and many others of more or less interest. It will be noticed that all are characterized by some pro- vision having been made for the conservation of water either by a coating of hairs, thick fleshy leaves, or ab- sence of leaves, or in some other way known to tlie plant dweller on the dune. Every bit of the plain is arable and as rain brought from the west falls from .August right through Wmter and Sjjring until the end of Mriich, it i> very suitable for wheal ;m(i siniilar cni|)s. l'!\fr\ inch i-- under cultivation and in ]jlaces like |;iffa, the mudeni Joppa, there are huge orange groves, with a iew almond and tig orchards. 'Iraveling through the plain in spring it presents a wonderful sight, w ith its large stretches of green wheat patched quite red here and there with anemones and later on with poppies of the most brilliant hue. On the inner edge the hills start and very soon get u]) to 1,000 feet above sea level, the height gradually increasing further inland to about 2,000 feet. They are cut by immense wadis or valleys running inland, which throw of¥ branches, that in turn also branch. In any other country we might e-Xjiect to find rivers speeding their way down these water courses but in the Spring of the year they are absolutely dry. However, the country as a wdiole does not suffer from lack of water owing t(j the existence of numerous springs and conservation liy iiieans of wells and rock cisterns or aqueducts. Water is the most precious thing in the country, and of vital importance in those districts where springs and streams are rare. The bygone inhabitants set us an example by the way in which they recognized this fact, and took advantage of the periodic wet seasons to pre- ser\e as much of the precious licjuid as possible, for use in times of drought. No labor, time, or expense, was spared in the pursuit of this object, and water saving was part of the scheme by which the desert — ever ready to devour — was kept from encroaching on their narrow strip of land. Josephus tells of an aqueduct 25 miles long which was made by f'ontius Pilate, the governor of Judea, in order to bring water to Jerusalem, which had no natural supply in the shape of springs or streams. The engineers of that time must have had some diffi- culties; for the conveying pipes, which consisted of large blocks of stone bored through the centre, traveled in a direct line up and down the slopes of the mountains, and ■ the amount of pressure recjuired nuist have been con- siderable. Aqueducts are and always must have been common and familiar objects in the Holy Land. The pipes were generally made of earthenware laid in thick beds of cement, the latter largely formed of crushed pot- tery, which in course of lime became as hard as stone. Sometimes passages for the water to flow were cut in grooves in the limestone of the hillsides ; and in many places where no springs could be foundj very rich sheiks have chiseled through rocks or drilled to depths of over 200 feet, in their efforts to find an artesian basin. The irrigation systems along the valleys, through which the railway of today passes, are very ancient and date back to the beginning of things. The same streams are now used and the same methods applied for the directing and controlling of the water as prevailed in the time of Abraham. These old builders did their work so well that the pools, cisterns, and wells which they established still stand as monuments to their memory, and will be appreciated as long as that thirsty land exists. The beautiful temple of Solomon, with all its glory of pome- granate wreaths and cedar overlaid with gold, has van- ished: but the three pools which he caused to be con- structed with such care in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and filled with water, still remain, and are in constant use, forming the sole supply of the people of Bethlehem. — ■ South .Ifrican Gardening and Country Life. A LESSON ON BEAUTIFYING HOME SURROUNDINGS (L tr. Kem Hamf shire — F. G. Webster. Ohio — F. F. Drury. H. S. Firestone, Mrs. F'rancis F. Prentiss. John L. Severance, H. S. Sherm.nn, H. L. Thompson. Mi.-lngaii — J. B. Schlotmann, E. D. Speck. Indiana — TlT^odrre F. Thieme. llHncis — A. Watson .Armour. Harry B. Glow, A. B. Dick, Clayton Afark, Mrs. Julius Rosenwald, Mrs. F. W. Uphain. Minnes(ta — Afrs. Chester A. Concdon, F. FI. Stollze. Imva — Mrs. G. B. Douglas. Missouri — August A. Busch, Dr. George T. Moore. Virginia — -Miss Grace E. Arents. IV. Virsivia — Mrs. Arthur Lee. Georgia — E. H. Inman. 5". Carolina — Robert S. Mebane. LOCAL BRANCHES Newport, R. I.: Andrew L. Uorward, chairman; Frederic Carter, secretary. St. Louis, Mo.: George H. T'riiig, cliairmaii; Hugo M. Scliaff, secretary. Nassau County, L. I.: John T. Everitt, Glen Cove, chair- man; John McCiilloch, Oyster Bay, L. I., secretary. Boston, Mass.: Robert Cameron, chairman. CLEVELAND CONFERENCE POSTPONED The proposed gardeners' conference to be held in Cleveland fkiring the Mational b'lcwer Show has been postponed because iif the unfortunate condition of not being able to use the new city huilchn.g on the dates planned, and the necessary removal of the show from Cleveland to another city. Indianapolis has been selected as the city for the show. The sudden change has naturally upset all plans of the garden fraternity, but the hope has been expressed that an opportunity will soon present itself when a gardeners' conference, under the auspices of the members of the association located in and near Cleveland can be held. OPENINGS FOR APPRENTICES The Secretary's office has quite a nuinber of applications from young men in different parts of the country who are eager to take up the work of gardening as apprentices. These young men have had a fairly good education — grammar school and one or two years of high school. Some have had no practical experience in gardening, but others have spent Summers in gaining a little knowledge of gardening. .Ml express a desire to take up this work as their life's profession, and the Secretary would be glad to learn of any one who can accommodate one or more of these young men as apprentices. BOOST YOUR ASSOCIATION Won't you help our association hy talking of it among the gardening fraternity in your locality? From time to time re- cently, the Secretary's office has had more than the usual number of visits from gardeners who remark that while they had lived ni such and such a place for some time they had only iust learned of the existence of the association. In your neighborhood there are surely gardeners who would be interested in the association if some one called their attention to it. When you meet a gardener who is not familiar with the N. A. G. tell him of its purposes, and endeavor to enroll him as a member. Increased membership means increased co- operation among the gardeners in this country, and it is only through co-operation that the association can carry out its aims. JOSIAH TAYLOR MARFAN Horticulture lias sustained a distinct and grevious loss in the passing away at the age of 79, of ex-Supreme Court Justice Josiah T. Marean, of iTrooklyii, .\. V., and Greens b-arms. Con- necticut. He died on Wednesday, February 8th, at Winter Park, Fla. The burial services were conducted from the First Presbyterian Church. Brooklyn, N. Y., on Monday, February 13th. .\ large nuinber of Supreme Court Judges were in attendance as pall bearers including the following: Abel E. Blackmar, Presiding Judge of the Appellate Div. ; William J. Kelley, David F. Man- ning, Edward Lazansky, Nortnan S. Dike, Almet F. Jenks, .'\iigustus Van Wyck, Lester W. Clark, Edward B. Thomas, Martin W. Littleton, James Shevlin, John E. McCooey, James D. Scsscnven, Stephen S. Baldwin. JAMES C. GARDINER The Secretary has been requested to make mention of the death of James C. Gardiner on December 23, last. At the time of his passing away, Mr. Gardiner was superintendent of Mill- crest Farm, Gibsonia. Pa. Mr. Gardiner was well known in Sewickley where he had been employed as head gardener for nine years on the G. H. Singer estate. AMONG THE GARDENERS The Secretary has received a letter from Charles R. 'Waugh of Santa Barbara, Cal., announcing his return from an enjoyable trip to Scotland, and expressing the keen interest he had in the New York convention. Mrs. John Scheepers, after a severe illness of more than two months, is now slowly gaining on the road to recovery. THE ASSOCIATION AT THE NEW YORK SPRING FLOWER SHOW The National Association of Gardeners has again taken space at the New '^'ork Spring Flower Show, which will be held at the Grand Central Palace, March 13 to 19. The publicity which came to the association through its booth at last year's show made it worth while to engage space again, especially .so as the estate owners themselves are actively interested in the success of the International Show for 1922. The same desirable location which the association occupied last year was secured again. Throughout the entire show the booth will be open to receive estate owners and others who are in any way interested in the profession of gardening, and in the activities of its national organi- zation. Those in charge will be glad to give information on any subject rela*^ing to the gardening profession and to the employ- ment of trustworthy, reliable and efficient gardeners. INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW New York, March 13-19 NATIONAL FLOWER SHOW In. Reed, manager of Fruit Farm, Conycrs Manor, Conn., delivered a very instructive ^ ^a^tt^^ 85th Year I 121st Year o Ellll,thllllll!llll{llllllllllllllilllllllll|[l!lllllllllll!l|l^' !iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim»:^^ SEED SERVICE — PLUS FOR 121 years J. M. Thorburn & Company specialized in high-quality seeds. Their service to the American public, their quality of merchandise, their dependability is well known the country over. For 85 years James Carter & Company of England has been supplying garden lovers everywhere with "tested" seeds under the label of "Carters Tested Seeds" — seeds selected from strong, vigorous plants, true to type and of the best strains. We wish to announce to the American garden loving public the consolidation of these two companies. Over two centuries of seed service-ability are now united into a single organization and we are enabled to give you a service never before obtainable in this country. J. M. THORBURN & COMPANY Founded 1802 JAMES CARTER & COMPANY Ravnes Park, London, En;;lan(l Founded 1836 k The catalog "i tlie consnlidated comijanies is now ready iur distribution. s i You should have a copy of this catalog to plan properly your garden for the coming § § season. i i Write us, mentioning Gardeners' Chronicle, and we will forward our 1922 Garden Book § P with our compliments. 1 Cariers Tes ied S^^ds *-INC. =^ $ (]onsnIid(ited tvith § I J. M. THORBURN & CO. I I .inrvnci-A^ siKKET new ^OKK, N. Y, j j I'nd l9-2() S>u h Market Si.. I!ci>tiin. Mass. j 1 Cannilian IJrancli: \:V.i Kin;; .Sirei'l Eii>l. Toronto. Canada | i Old and pfosp'ctlve customers are cordially Invited to call on us In the remodeled estabtishmint fof Seed Service Plul | liiiininiiiiiiiniiiiiwni'iw i m iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiini»i!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimnmiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii^ TPADlOKri IN D MABU — PULVERIZED Sheep Manure Woiidcrful natiirnl fertilizer for amateur or professional growers— uncqualed for lawn, flowers, vegetables, fruits and shrubs— effectively sterilized— no weeds or chemicals— safe and dependable. Aik vonr «;rcd or R.nrdcn supply man for WrZAUI) niMND or write direct for full infornialidTi. The Pulverized Manure Company No. 18 Union Stock Yards, Clfcago ANCOPM llifili (^radi: Suxk of Or II ;i mental 'I'ri'i's anil Siiiiilis. Catalog on request. ANDORRA NURSERIES w M, w \i;\ I i; 11 \i;pij;. /'r.f. ('hestnvt III' I'll M Mil I riii \ For February, 1922 61 and educational lecture on the spraying, pruning and diseases of fruit trees, and drew additional interest by liaving brought vari- ous specimens of diseased fruit and branches of trees, all of which elicited considerable discussion, and upon conclusion, a rising vote of thanks was tendered Air. Keed. \y. G. Weston, Rep. Sec'y. Illllllllllililillliljlllllllllllllllll UNEMPLOYMENT AND HORTI- CULTURE The reaction of tlie public schools throughout the nation to Mr. Herbert Hoover's request that they do tlieir share towards relieving unemployment was re- markable indeed. The schools were asked to consider the problem of unemployment from two different angles ; lirst, immediate relief, and second, permanent relief. The first could be touched upon by the building programs throughout the country; increased building of schools would employ thousands more men. The second is a matter of edu- cation ; it means that courses dealing with current events, economic and social prob- lems will have to bring special light to bear upon the problems of employment. Li this connection it is somewhat hearten- ing to feel that the nature of some of the courses given in Cleveland schools lends it- self to the solution of the unemployment problem. Horticulture is a profession which has drawn upon Europe for its supply of trained men for some time. The field is calling for a great number of .■\merican young men and women. They must be trained in the public schools if a high stand- ard, dignity and esprit dc corps are to be maintained. Greenhouses — school green- houses — is a ver\' definite answer to Mr. Hoover's request. This means immediate relief for some in the construction of new and much-needed greenhouses. Then, too, as they become acquainted with greenhouse work, they are guaranteed pay for out-of- school time, thus helpin.g out the family budget. It means a st^p in the direction of permanent relief in that students are trained in school greenhouses to cope with economic and social conditions through actual experi- ences in labor-cost problems, food produc- tion, home beautification. — Nature Garden H'ceklx. WINTER PROTECTION OF EVER- GREENS The recent snowfall — the lirst rif ihc sea- son — weighing down as it did many ever- greens, should serve as a reminder to tie up and protect such specimens as require this treatment against breakage which may occur any time throughout the Winter when the elements may be less lenient than during Ihe past storm. Snow alone may not cause serious injury, but when accompanied by sleet, followed by continued cold weather, as was the case two years ago, more or less breakage to plants is bound to happen. Take Hybrid Rhododendrons, for in- stance, where every six inches in height count and in which weak growths abound, it pays to have these reinforced with raffia or light rope or possilily sheltered lightly with corn fodder. Such plants as the Biota oriciitalis. some Junipers and Cedars, which are inclined to develop double or triple lead- ers, should be tied in loosely to keep their together, especially if plants are large and their disfigurement would mean a real loss. This tying in is also beneficial from a cul- tural standpoint for it encourages a more compact growth. The Retinisporas will catch and hold more snow than the Spruce, Fir and Pine class and so should be protected, if large or I Some Interesting I Novelties in I Trees, Shrubs, ^ Small Fruits, etc. I through the I Arnold Arboretum m from China and Japan M Elscholtzia Stauntoni. Heather Mint. In Si-ptt-'inlx-r a mass of jiiile p laveiiiKr f1t.\UTs all buzzing ttiih Iwes. Mint family, 2' high, $1.00 each. = EvjQdia hupchense. A linden-like tree from China. 3-4' high, $1.50 ^ each; $10.00 ptr 10. ^ Halesia Carolina monticola. Grows as a straight tree 80' high, iiol ^ a many sleninied lui^h-shaped tree like the others. 3-4' high, $3.00 ^ each. M Juniperus littoralis. Tscd by the Japants^ for holding sand diiri.-s. ^ $1.00 eai-h. $7.r.O per 10. M Malus Arnoldiana. White flowers; deep red t-herrj' sized fruit tlial ^ tastis as u'xid as cider when frozen and decayed. 4-5' high, $1.50 ^ each; $10-00 per 10. ^ Morus acidosa. A bird feeding plant. Most people consider the ninl- = berries too .sweet. This one may suit. 3-4' high, $1.00 each; $.".00 M P*?r 10. M Philadelphus magdalcns. One of Ihe new Philadelplius. 3-4' high. p S;i.(li.) cacli; $7.:.0 pT ID. M Rosa Hugonis, Father Hugo's Rose. A welcome addition to tlie shnilt^. ^ Big, round bush of healthy foliage with bright yellow ^ flowers similar to, but earlier than, the Persian Yellow. ^ $2..'>0 each; $22.50 i>er 10. M Sorharia arborea glabrata. Vigorous shrub with white = panirics in niid-sunimLT, almost as showy as Hydrangea p panicniata grandillura. 3-4' high. $1.50 each. ^ Styrax obassia. Cha^s. A. Dana's Arboretum has the = only large specimen we know of. It is an old tree = 14' high with circular leaves; racemes of orange- = blo'som-like flowers in May and coffee-like fruit. 2' M high, $1.00 each. ^ Cotoneasters. Rare and beautiful group. Some suit- = able as low plants for tlie rock garden; others as taller ^ shrubs in the background. You can show off a coUec- = tion of these all winter. Some cling to the rocks with ^ graceful sprays of evergreen foliage and coral berries. = C. Zabelii. 2' high. $1.50 each; $10.00 per 10. p C. divaricata. 2-3' high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. = C. Dielsiana. 2-;r high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. ^ C. floribanda bullata. 2-3' high. $1.00 each. C. = ro:undifolia. 1' high, $.75 each. C. Salicifolia. = 4" PMt-s. $1.00 each. = Crataegus (Hawthorn). We have 10 species of the ^ best from Highland Park. Rochester. Welcome in your = shmbhery as hedges or as little trees. Crataegus p Genensnenis. 2' high. $1.00 each; $7.50 per 10. ^ Crataegus Dunbari. 2' high. $1.00 each: $7.50 = per 111. ^ Cornus llorida rubra. Red flowering dogwood, 5' ^ high, 50 to 100 fliiwer buds, $6.00 each. M Cornus kousa. Beautiful Japanese tree. Month p later than the above. 8' high, $tj,00 each; $50.00 = per 10. 'V .r. EJschoUzia Stauntoni \ hybrid of Japanese and Amer- small growing tree, having hand- in July. The branches are red. Cornus Dunbarj. ican Dos^ood^. A some white flowers 5-G', $3.50 each. Cornus paucinervis. Low growing cornel from China. White (IiHvers. black l)erries. $1.00 each. Viburnum Wright ii. Described and named for the botanist of tin- Perry ^■xp^■(Htion. 2' high, $2.00 each. Viburnum opulus var. xanthocarpa. Yellow fruited liiubbu^h cranbt-riy. $1.50 each, Xanthoxyllum schinifolJum. Chinese relative of the T(Kjth;irbe Trev. May nial;c a good hedge. Foliage glossy Willi fragrance of jiar^goric. 2-3' high. $1.50 each; $10.00 per 10. , Syringa reflexa. A new lilac from China with hang- ing raccnies. 2-3' high, $1,50 each. Picea Korymi. New sp:cies from China. lS-24" high. $5. no each. Photinia viMosa, Chinese Christmas B:rry. Red iR'rries in .Novendier. Flowers like Shadbush. 3' high, $.50 each. Symplocus paniculata. Turquoise Berry. Very rare. B'-rries ;nv robins-egg blue. 3'. $300. Ilex crenata. Japanese Holly. Boxwood-like foli- age. Just right for woods or foundation planting. 3', $5,00. Vaccinium corymbosum. fruit. Oak-like branches. 3' high. $3.00 each. Swamp Blueberry. Delicious red bark in winter. 3' x Ilex opaca. .\merican Holly. 2' high. $4.00 each. = TIME-SAVING TREES 1 Thirty years ago we started to grow time-saving trees; uith roots to guarantee them to grow satisfactorily. ^ Now they are ready. ^ Write to us about the rare plants you want. Come to the nuisery and see Ihe rock garden. Send for ^ "Home Landscapes" and "Home Landscapes," Commuters' Edition. = Henry Hicks = HICKS NURSERIES Dept. G WESTBURY. LONG ISLAND. N. Y. B Siiuniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ' Plants That Keep Faith" Rea/ Success A dependable stock of supenor small fruit plants selected from the famous collection of the country's foremost specialist in berry culture. Supremely tasteful strawberries: large, luscious raspberries; giant, mieaty blackberries; gooseberries and currants of rare flavor; splenidid, heavily rooted grapes. These and a complete stock of garden roots, fruit trees, roses, hardy perennials and other ornamental plants are listed in a fine new cata- logue. No. 104, which is sent for the asking-. Free advice by a berry expert to all who are interested. j ,j, lqyj-jt. Box 204, LITTLE SILVER, N. J. For 44 Years a Specialist in Berry Culture. 62 GARDE^ERS' CHROMCI.E The 1922 Ten-Ten Book Is Ready for You This new Ten-Ten Book has 1 You can make your selections all the good points of last without a lot of fussin^; throuo:h arm-long lists. Both common and botanical names are given, with just the description and prices you want to know about. year's with a lot of new ones beside. Again we've listed the ten best of everything for garden use. Here is a list of just n few of the headings: considered valuable enough to warrant the expense of protecting. With small plants an inexpensive and satisfactory method is to have a man beat the snow off before it becomes frozen on or weighs down the plants. Large Box Bushes are too valuable to permit being disligured by heavy snow or sleet and bracing the branches from within with rope is recommended. In very large specimens, where the character of the branching is too weak to depend upon each other for support, it may be necessary to use poles — Cedar or otherwise — placed eitlier within the bush or four placed around the outside and connected by rope. — Florists' Exchange. ^ te Ten .\nnual Flowers for Cutting. Ten Annuals for Dry, Sunny Spots. Ten Perennial Seeds for Spring Sowing. 4. Ten Hardy Phloxes. 5. Ten Plants for Home Decoration. 6. Ten Plants for Paved Walks. 7. Ten Shrubs for Hedges and Boundary Planting. 8. Ten Evergreens for Foundation Planting. 9. Ten Choice Apples. 10. Ten Choice Peaches. Send for your copy of the Ten-Ten Book now; it is free. Then order early. fuliuS' T^eKrS* Ccj I „^ Ai TKg Sjfr of Thg Tree i Box 20 Rutkvrford N.J. The lettuce to me is a most interesting study. Lettuce is like conversation; it must be fresh and crisp; so sparkling that you scarcely notice the bitter in it. For Spring Planting Lettuce, like most talkers, however, is i apt to run rapidly to seed. Blessed is I that sort which comes to a head, and so I remains, like a few people I know, grow- | ing more solid and satisfactory and ten- i der at the satne time, and white at the | center, and crisp in their maturity. | You can put anything (and the more I things the better) into salad, as into a conversation, but everything depends upon the skill of mixing. I feel that I am in the best society when 1 am with lettuce. It is in the select circle of vegetables. — Contributed. Lettuce, like conversation, requires a great deal of oil to avoid friction and keep the company smooth; a pinch of attic | salt, a dash of pepper, a quantity of mus- | tard and vinegar by all means, but so I mixed that you will notice no sharp I contrasts, and a trifle of sugar. |, Rhododendron Catawbiense Rhododendron Carolinianum Rhodendron Maximum Kalmia Latifolia Fruit Trees and Fruit Plants Correspondence solicited. Price lists upon request. THE MORRIS NURSERY CO 1133 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Rhododendron Maximum Kalmia LatifoHa Northern down Stock III ( .iih.;i»l I..'(s Nursery Grown TSUGA CANADENSIS Buy yovir stock direct from the grower. Sc-iiil (or iiri.c li~l. The Charles G. Curtis Company Ciillicoon Nurseries CALLICOON, N. Y. ?s.RECOME A ' LANDSCAPE JpSflTECT DiK^nifKHl. Exclusive ]*ro- fessioii not overrun with ^- coinju'titor.'i. C r o w li f li __ , " with opportunity for moiicy- L** V"- making am! big fees. $5.iH.)0 to $1().(H)*) incomes attained by experts. Easy to master under our correspond- ence methods. Diploma awarded. \V> assist '-indents and (graduates in pcttinR' startesortnunt <■( GENERAL NURSERY STOCK in large sizes of Hemlock, Biotas, Pines, Retinosporas, Blue and White Spruces. W'e have the best stock in the United States. yiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiinniiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiniinniniinniiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnniiiininniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiim INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW Grand Central Palace, New York March 13-19 Nursery desires to get in touch with Seedsmen, Florists , Fores ters , Gardeners or Botanists in Northern States who deal ill or can collect tree, shrub, evergreen and perennial seeds true to variety. Parties interested please send replies to S. S., care National Gardeners, 286 Fifth Ave., New York City. SPECIAL GLADIOLI OFFER FOR $1.00 we will send post paid 12 large ex- hibition Gladioli bulbs. ^11 different (separately lal)eled, true-to-nanie). Also packet of 50 varietie.c of choie* flower seeds and packet of the great new red Aster, "The Heart of France." together with eatalogne of Flowei-s. ILstiiig choice, rare Gladioli. l)ahlias. Ro^es. Perennials, flower ;.n(I VHgelal)le seeds. ROSE SIDE GARDENS Warwick. Pa. HUMUS for the price, is tlie best and cheapest FERTILITY MAKER Price and Sample upon application. H. B. PRINDLE, 70 E. 45th St., New Yoik Hardy Perennial Plants All Varieties Price List Free on Application THOMAS WYLIE 5138 Holly St. Seattle, Wash. HARRY BALDWIN Uaoufaoturer ot Greenhouse Shading Lath Roller Blinds M-VMAROISJECK. N. Y. PLANT NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS is the title of a series of articles now appearing in The American Botanist where a multitude of other things of interest to the plant lover are also discussed. Quarterly, $1.50 a year; specimen copy, 25 cents. THE AMERICAN BOTANIST Joliet, 111. POWER I to push your Mower and | Hoe your Garden | The BOllNS POWER HOE I & LAWN MOWER TRACTOR | Snap Hitches enable operator to instantly | change from lawn mowing to seeding or cul- ^ tivating. Does the work faster and better. ^ Gives you time for pleasure gardening. A boy h can run it. Write 1 GILSON m. CO., in PARK ST., I PORT WASHINGTON, WIS. | :iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif "/4 Garden for Everv Home." MULLER-SEALEY CO., INC. 145 West 45th St. New York City Joseph Manda Co., Orchids Our Specialty Send for Our Catalogue 191 Vallev Road West Orange, N. J. "Your Spring Orders-Solicited BURNETT BROS. Seedsmen 92 Chambers St. New York City ORCHIDS We are Specialists In Orchids. We collect, Rfow. import exiHjrt and bpU orchids ex- clusively. If .>uu are in the market for Orchlda, we solicit your intjuiriea and orders. Cata- logues and spi-clal lists on application. LAGER & HURRELL 6rchl(t Growers and Importeri Summits, (V. «J. ^iiiiiiiii!ii!iiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiti[iiiiiiiiiiiiii]iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiii;iiii:iiiiiiii^ ! Landscape Gardening | I S-5 and Expense Per Visit or Day ^ I I originate and design plans for ^ I the development of estates. large or | I small, with a know/ledge of what to t i plant, how^ to plant and when to | = plant, and will cheerfully submit | I designs and estimates. i I Wm. V. Nieuwkert, P. O. Box 200, " E Passaic, N. J. -< / \ t CUT FLOWER BOXES EDWARDS FOLDING BOX CO MANUFACTURERS PHILADELPHIA. PA. -J^ . / Ik r\ This * Nozzle Won't Clog Here's a nozzle that saves your time and your temper. The patent screen strains out all the sediment. There's no bothersome clogging, no wasted solution when you use You need onlygruide the nozzle and tbe Auto-Spray puts on a fine mist or Solid stream. A slight pressure of the thumb starts and shuts off the flow of solution. Every farmer, gardener and home makershould haveone. Nearly 40 other styles, big and little. Our Spraymg Calendar will keep you one move ahead of the bugs and blights. If3 free. Send for it today and ask for Catalog. The E. C. Brown Co. 894 Maple St Rochester, N. Y. NURSERY IN CENTRAL WEST HAVING A FEW POSITIONS OPEN ttill Ik- i.lt iised to rta-ive for consideration apptica- linns from Propagators. Perennial Growers or men txiJiTit-'ncL'd in Field. Packing House. Sales or Land- ^caiit* work with wholesale or retail iiurser>- business. .\|l|)ll<',l||t.S will please state if now employed, past '■\|i''iii>rii'e. state parliciilars and salary asked. Refer :illsMcTS to A-200. National Gardeners, 286 Fifth .\\i-.. SC\Y York, \. Y. CATALOG FREE Great Baigains, Standaid Varieties. Best Quality. Low Prices Satisfaction or money refunded fcO years in business proof of our responsibiljiy. Write for catalog now, PETER 80HLENDER & SONS S-piing H.n Nur«ric. Tippecanoe City ( Miami C 122 OlALITY RED POTS Made of best material hy skilled labor, uniformly burned and carefully packed. Famoaj "Mosi-Aztee" Ware Includes Azalea Pots, Fern Dishes. Banging Ba^ketA, Lawn Vases, etc Writ* for catalogue anc price lint The Zone Pottery Compaoy So. Zanenllle, Ohio 64 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE THE GREENHOUSE MONTH TO MONTH {Coutinnrd from page 51 ) post of mushroom bed ni;imirc, a little sand and moss; divide the rhizomes into moderate sizes and phice in flats. Cover them with the compost but do not water ; the moisture 'n the rose house will ^ive them a good start. This is far better th.an starting them by the usual method m dry pots. The next batch of achimenes can be started in baskets. Clean olt the sour soil of carnation beds, gently stirring the surface, and give a fair sprinkling of bone flour. Top dress with one inch of tine loam and well rotted horse manure, and you will realize the benefit to the plants as the days lengthen and the sun strenglhens. Repot into three-inch ])ots any 'mums that recpiire a shift. Do not allow any check or the buds will be devel- oped from stunted plants and their season interrupted. Keep them very cool. 40 degrees at night and day, if pos- sible, is desirable. If other plants are grown in the house, they nmst be subservient to the "mums, or the latter will be ruined. The last batch of cuttings should be in- serted this month and the old stock thrown out to make room for the new. Fumigate regularly to keep clear of aphis. Cclosia spicafa is a subject useful for house decoration. easily raised .ind will withstand draught and dust better than ordinar\- kinds. Lantanas and Bouvardias that are rooted in sand should lie potted and grown along in gentle heat. The weeping Lantana is a fine specimen for han.ging baskets or pans. The sweet peas should have a good mulch of sheep ma- nure and loam, equal parts. Remember the best sweet peas or rather the earliest are better if sown in pots in .March in a temperature of 55 to 60 degrees. They will germinate in ten daj's. Grow them along gently in the same temperature until weather conditions are suitable for their removal to cold frames. Give the last batch of cauliflowers a dose of nitrate of soda, a very li.ght sprinkling, or a watering of a tea- spoonful to a gallon of water will do nicelv. THE NEPHROLEPSIS CHART {Cciifiiiucd from page 4(i) tlieir cuiti\ation. b'or exaiuple in the labels of the vari- ous Neijhrolepis lornis. the fcillowing general method is used : Boston Fern Mutation of Ncphrolcpis exalt a ta Horticultural Pierson Fern Mutation of Boston Fern F. R. Pierson Scott Fern Mutation of Boston Fern John Scott Roosevelt Fern Mutation of P)OSton I'^ern Am. Rose & Plant Co. Whitman Fern Mutation of Pierson Fern Henry Barrows In connection with the collection of Nephrolepic forms tilt study is still being carried on and the writer will very niucli appreciate any information as to new forms or facts ahciiit old forms which mav hr contributed. 'IT IS THE SACRED OBLIGATION nf t'trry ritizfii ta ilo his part tlav hv day thai the iintioii may profiler and that con- ti'iitntent find haitpiness may come to all." Rotary Club Members fi|ii:iiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini;i:iiiiininniiiii{niiiiiiiiiiiNiiii!iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii:iiiiiiiiiii| giuLuiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiinJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiinniijijijiiiiiiiiiiiiin Sweet Peas MY 1922 catalofiue features all the new varieties offered by the various American and European specialists, many of which will outdistance older varieties of their class; also all the worth while standard varieties. It is the most comprehensive list of its kind in the history of the Sweet Pea. "THE WORLD'S BEST" CHARLES ELLIOTT Grant Place Park Ridge, 111. 3iiMiiniiiiiiiiimittriiniiiiiniunmiinmioiiiMiifliiiiiiiiniiiiiii!n;iiiiiiii«iiii:iiiiiiiuiiii>!!iiii!!iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii^ pllillllllllln«llll!lllllll|IIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIF»"""l''Ni!liiii '!>ii t;,i iiiitiiiiiiiii I r 'IIIIIIMIIIIIIWIIIIIIII Illlllllllll!llllll| I IF YOU ARE ENGAGED IN THE PUR- j I SUIT OF HORTICULTURE WHETHER | I FOR PLEASURE OR FOR PROFIT i you cannot fail to be interested in the Gar- deners' Chronicle of America, for, as you will observe by studying its columns, it is devoted exclusively to the science of flori- culture and horticulture. n n n iiin n OF INTEREST TO COUNTRY ESTATE OWNERS The National Association of Gardeners takes lliis opportunity to place its Service Bureau at the disposal of owners of country estates when requir- ing competent gardeners, in the capacities of super- intendents, head gardeners or assistant gardeners — llioroughiy qualified in every particular to assume the responsibilities the positions call for — gardeners truly efficient in their profession. The Bureau is maintained entirely at the expense (if the association and makes no charge to the em- ployer it may serve or to the member it may benefit. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS M. C. Ehel, Secretary 286 Fifth Ave. New York TItis association is in no sense a trade union organization, but includes in its sustaining member- ship owners of some of the foremost country) estates in America. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii ^imiiiiiitiiiniii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii[[iiiiiiiiiiiii[iiii[iiiiiiiiiii]ii]iiniK The Insecticide of Recognized Merit for Greenhouse and Garden A PHINF '' ^ concentrated material — mixes readily in water — efficient in its action — easily applied — free o( the disagreeable odors and features of most insecticides — excellent as a wash for decorative plant« FOR THE GARDEN-^" « reme- dy against all sap sucking insects infesting flowers, fruits and vegetables APHINE is most effective. FOR THE GREENHOUSE — Applied at regular intervals (once each week or ten days) APHINE will keep plants in the greenhouse and conservatory free of insect pests. r" Ul^ vjllNll) For mildew, rust and other blights affecting flowers, fruits and vegetables. V IliIvlVlllNlli For worms and insects infesting the soil. Sold fey dealers in various sizes. APHINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON. N. J. ;iliilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiniiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN :iiii:ii{iiiiiiiiiii»nii»iiiiiniimiiniiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ Davey Tree Surgeons at zvon; on onr of the magiMcenl poplars at the Hanoum Camps One of tlie giant poplars which Tver entrusted to the scientific skill < Davey Tree Surgeons A viczv of the Hanoum Camps, conducted by Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Farnsu'orlh and Miss Louise Green at Thctford, Vt. ^*The work awakened the admiration of every one'^ The Hanoum Camps, Thctford, Vermont. The Davey Tree Expert Co.. Inc. Kent, Ohio. ( icntlenien : It gives nie pleasure to state how pleased we are with tlie work done on the poplar tree in our home at Thetford, Vt. The work was done with a thorough- ness that awakened admiration from everyone who saw it, and included devices that must go a great ways toward making the work last. Let me add that we .ippreciated very much the courteous and gentlemanly young men who did the work. While they were working in the midst of a girls' camp they fell in with the camp spirit and so adapted themselves to its life that we regretted to have them leave. Hoping that it will lie possible for us to afiford further work done on our trees at some future time, I am Very sincerely, JOHN G. GOGAL, Business .Man.u/rr. Every gardener and estate superintendent has a most important work in the saving of trees under his care. Davey Tree Surgery brings to his aid the highest development of science plus a generation of experience. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE D.\\i;V TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 302 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio. Branch oKccs -.nth telephonic connections : Nnv York, Aslor Trust Buililing, Fifth A-.c. and A2nd Street. Philmlclphia, Land Title Building. Boston. 467 Massachusetts Trust BIdg. Balliniore, .Amcricc.n Building. Chicago, Westminster Building. St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. Pf^riiinnont rcpresentntives nvjilljtlilf in ,^\ci-;il varictit^ in color, tells how to prepare the pool atul plant the tubers, and plainly indicates the best varieties for tub or pool. Write t.,(lri\ (or n r.-py. WILLIAM THICKER ^'"^^'^ 664 Forest Street Specialist Arlington, New Jersey (56 The Dreer Dozen Hardy Ever- Blooming Hybrid-Tea Koses THIS colleclion of well tried standard varieties is known to every Rose fancier as a most satisfactory selection of varieties, either for garden decoration or to supply an abundance of extra choice flowers to cut throughout the summer and fall months. All are extra strong, two-year-old plants, prepared to give im- mediate results. CAROLINE TESTOUT— This is the Rose that has given Portland, Oregon, the name "The Rose City." It will be found equally valuable in any garden. A large, full globular flower of a bright satiny-rose; very free and fragrant. DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON Intense saflron-yellow. stained u^ith deep crimson, fairly full flowers and par- ticularly beautiful in bud form. Delightfully fragrant. HOOSIER BEAUTY Beautiful, well shaped long buds and large full flowers of an intense, rich, dazzling crimson-scarlet. Very sweet scented. JONKHEER J. L. MOCK — Very free on long stiff stems. Large size and of perfect form. Deep imperial pink, the outside of the petals silvery rose-white. KAISERIN AUGUSTA VICTORIA— Splendidly formed flowers and buds on long stems. Soft pearly -white with just enough lemon in the center to relieve the white. Very fragrant. KILLARNEY BRILLIANT— An improvement on Killar- ney, being larger and more double, also more intense in color, which is a rich glowing shade of rosy-car- mine; fragrant. LADY ALICE STANLEY — A gem and greatly admired by everyone. Perfect in form, color, size, freedom of bloom and fragrance. Color a beautiful shade of coral-rose, center shading to ffesh-pinlc with deeper flushes. LADY URSULA — Of vigorous erect growth, a remark- ably healthy grower under all conditions. Flowers large and of good form, with high center produced on every shoot. Color a distinct shade of flesh-pink; tea scented. LOS ANGELES — This is by all odds one of the finest Roses ever introduced. The growth is very vigorous and it produces a continuous succession of long- stemmed flowers, of a luminous flame-pink, toned with coral and shaded with translucent gold at the base of the petals. In richness of fragrance it equals in inten- sity the finest Marechal Neil. The buds are long and pointed and expand into a flower of mammoth propor- tions, while the beauty of form and ever-increasing wealth of color is maintained from the incipient bud until the last petal drops. $1.50 each. MME, EDOUARD HERRIOT "The Daily Mail Rose." Winner of the Gold Cup offered by the London Daily Mail for the best new Rose exhibited at the Interna- Hybrid Tea Rose Los Angeles tional Exhibition, London, May, 1912. A most dis- tinct and novel Rose. The buds are coral-red, shaded with yellow at base. The medium sized open flowers are semi-double and of a superb coral-red, shaded with yellow and bright rosy-scarlet, passing to shrimp-red. RADIANCE An ideal American bedding variety. A clean healthy grower, producing its flowers freely even under the most adverse weather conditions. In color, a brilliant carmine-pink and of good form. Truly a Rose for every garden. REID RADIANCE — A counterpart of Radiance, except in color, which is a clear cerise-red. Price: Any of the above except where noted, in strong, two-year-old plants, $1.00 each; $12.00 per dozen; $90.00 per 100 — 25 or more supplied at 100 rate. I We will supply one of each of the Dreer Dozen Roses as named above for $12.00. I B HRFFR'S P.ARDFN ROOIC FOR IQ?? <:on'ains beautiful colored plates of new Roses and offers many new ■ I US\tLtLt\ D Vj/Ar\WILlN DWWIS. ryn. IVZZ a„d standard varieties. Among them the greatest achievement of I g Pernef Dueller's, the New Yellow Rose, bouveiur de Qaudius Pemet. It also offers Plants of all kinds, including Cannas, Dahlias, Hardy 1 E Perennials. Water Lilies, etc.. Flower and Vegetable Seeds. Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds, Garden Requisites of all kinds, etc. 1 s Illustrated with eight color plates and hundreds of photo-engravings, this book makes an interesting volume which shoiild be in the g i hands of everyone interested in gardening. A copy will be sent free if you mention this publication. WRITE TODAY. p I HENRY A. DREER, 714^716 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. | iiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iitiiiiiiiiininnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiniiiii'nin iiiNiiiiniinniiiniiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 67 '':illi;l!!i:ill!l!!lllillllllllllUKIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllli:illi:illlllllllllllllll«ll»HIM (if lii-ld-grown rose pluiit.'^ in many liniidreds of varieties. They are described in our Kose Catalofj. Ask /or Sfivcidl List ol !>liin(Iiinl (Tree) Roses Our Niirsrry Pri)(lucls will crculo any artistic garden effect desired. 'Siirsf'rytticn and Florists RUTHEHFOKI) NEW JERSEY 68 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)IIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN^ Burpee's Asters THE Burpee Beauty Asters are of inestimable value for cut flowers. The individual blooms measure 4 to 5 inches across and are carried on long strong stems. This distinct type of Asters was first introduced by Burpee. Tliey bloom after the Late Branching Asters have finished blooming and before the early Chrysanthemums have come into the market. The early kinds come into bloom almost as soon as the Royal Asters and produce flowers for a long time. American Beauty. The large flowers are a bright rosy carmine, the shade of the world-famous American Beauty Rose. Pkt. 10 cts.; li oz. 45 cts.; oz. $1.60; 14 lb. $4.80. Purple Beauty. Wonder.^ul rich purple flowers of unusual size and graceful form. Pkt. 10 cts.; % oz. 43 cts.; oz. $1.60; '/i lb. $4.80. Lavender Beauty. The large, well-displayed flowers are a clear lavender. Pkt. 15 cts.; % oz. 60 cts.; oz. $2.20; "4 lb. $6.60. September Beauty. Delicate, soft shell-pink. A beautiful and rare color. Pkt. 15 cts.; 14 oz. 60 cts.; oz. $2.20; V4 lb. $6.60. Crimson Beauty. A very bright rich crimson. Fully double and extremely large. Pkt. 25 cts.; '/i oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. White Beauty. The flowers are fully double and of magnificent size. A pure white in color. Pkt. 25 cts.; '74 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Early Carmine-Rose. Rich carmine-rose. Flowers very double, and lasting well in water. Pkt. 25 cts.; Y4 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Early Shell-Pink. A delicate yet rich shade of shell-pink. Pkt. 25 cts.; 14 oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. Elarly Purple. A rich and impressive color which goes well with the massiveness of the large flowers. Pkt. 25 cts.; '/^ oz. $1.25; oz. $4.00. W rite or ivire for prices on all other varieties of flower seeds. Burpee's AnJlU^ll is The Leading American Seed Catalog" which fully describes the Burpee Quality Seeds. Every grower should have Burpee's Annual as a reference book. It will be mailed to you free. Write for your Annual today. W. Atlee Burpee Co. :: Seed Growers :: Philadelphia k'. --- BuJ-pec ' > A /Iter u aa Beauty Aster _WA' I.- ■i^ Siiiiiiiiiiiiiniinminiiimiimimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiia IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi Get this ValuaDie Book on Better Lax^n Care ■pVERY one inter- ested in the care of large, beautiful lawns 4I» should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubs, cemeteries, col- leges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-inch Ideal Power Lawn Mower for large lawns and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book today— learn how to keep your lawn in better condition at less cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. OLDS, Chairman | 434 Kalamazoo Street i Lansing^, Mich. i World's Largest Builders of § Power Lavfn Mowers. § Dealers in all principal cities. E J"^lawn Mowers j liiuiiinmii I n; iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiii iiiiii iiiiiiiii niiiiiinn iiiiniiiniiiiiiiuiiiiiill iiiiiiniiiii 'fiiiiiii iininiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiikiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^^^^^^ I WHY Raise Roses to Feed Bugs! j iMELKOSINEl 1 i//^- IT KILLS ROSE BUGS The Definite Death to Rose Bugs The Universal Contact Insecticide Pint, $1.00; Quart, $1.75; Half Gallon, $3.25; Gallon $6.00 p Order from your seedsman, nurseryman or supply ^ 1 house, or trial can postpaid on receipt of 60c. g I THE GARDEN CHEMICAL COMPANY | 1 Sole Manufacturers i I PARK AVE. and 146th ST NEW YOFkK CITY | fii[|iii[|iliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiii!iiii:iiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiii[ii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!niitniiiii!i:itiiNiiiiiiiiiiiMi[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 69 I The Season's | I Sensational Rose J I '"^Souvenir dc Claudius Pernet" | THIS is a name you will | P become very well ac- I I quainted with in the next z I year or so. The most won- | I derful yellow so far devel- | I oped for either indoor or j I outdoor growing. | I Gorwing Plants: ^2.50 each; ^25.00 per dozen | I CHARLES H. TOTTY CO. | I Madison New Jersey j llllllJIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ giiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiliJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I AGHIMENES | i Useful for hanging baskets and pots. I I Galathea. Dark violet-blue. 1 1 Magnifica. Mauve, tall grower. j I Dainty Queen. White with lavender eye. i I Swainsonii. Mauve with white throat. | I Bulbs of any of the above: | I Doz., $4.00 100, $30.00 | I W. E. MARSHALL & CO., INC. | j Soeds, Plants, Bulbs | I 166 West 23rd St. WEW YORK I WILSON'S O.K. PLANT SPRAY Kills Plant Insects, Scale and Mildew Used by Leading Gardeners Bbls. $90, '/2 bbls. $50, 10 gals. $20, 5 gals. $ 1 Convent Station, N. J., February 14, 1922. ANDREW WILSON, Inc., Springfield, N. J. Dear Sirs: I have used your O. K. Plant Spray on Antirrhinums for both rust and leaf curl, of which I found not only a check for it but a cure. It destroys all spores and puts the plants in a healthy condition to withstand all other diseases, and it is also a sure cure for red spider on evergreens. Yours truly, FREDERICK PARKER. Head Hardener to George Marshall Allen, Esq. ANDREW WILSON, Inc. SPRINGFIELD NEW JERSEY ■^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiipiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I GRASS SEEDS | I For j j Golf Courses, Lawns, Sliady and Tor- | j race Situations mixed by an English | I Expert of years' oxporioiicc. World's | I best Lawns made from this Seed. | I Write for prices. | I W. F. McCORD CO., I I TAKRYTOWN NEW YORK | a u I I ui I I I- I Sweet Peas | I IV^ Y 1922 catalogue features all the new | I ItA varieties offered by the various American | I and European ■i|)crialists, many of which will | I outdistance oltlrT varieties of tiieir class; also | I all the worth wiiile standard variclii-s. It is the most comprfjien-'ive list of its kind in the history of the Sweet Pea. i "THE WORLD'S BEST" i CHARLES ELLIOTT ? Grant Place Park Ridge, 111. i g 11. .i:iiiiiiiiiinnimiiiiiiiiimiMiiiiiiitiiri»iiimitiiriiirinniittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniintiiiiiiimiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I —SELLING OUT- | j THE FAMOUS ROSE HILL NURSERIES | i Wc have slill -.(iiiH' firt'al liar^iiiiis in lini". Jarci" spocimen g i Trees, holli l>i< iiluim.s ami Evvrureen. A Kr<'al cdIKm'- 1 i tioii of littx in IS iti all ■.i/.rs. >liai)i> ami i''orMl^ -not ;li«- J 1 tender variotlcs. Iml liardv and >lurdv types. j KoshT lUiio Spnirv; Ri'tiiiosimriis; Colorado Spruce; S Itimtiltis l-'ir: It rrpiiifi nntl C.niiiirr firrrh : Hhiulinlfii- i ilrons. both Inbiid and nali\r \arii'lie>. 3 AI«o n liiTKO cdllcrlioii itf iliiiililr (iiiil hiiiKip LiUus, rioH'pring Shritiia, 3 /{oflc*. unlioiild bo Hern lo lir fully iipprtvialrd. = North Avenue. New Rochelle, N. Y. I .Near Wykagyl Slalion ou N. Y,, WottcheHler & Uotlon R. R. 1 ^niiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiliilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiniliiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM^ I 70 LoAver Prices on Greenhouses The same week that $900 was lopped off the price of Cadillacs and $1,200 or so on Marmons, and othi^r cars in proportion, we made a drastic cut on greenhouse prices. This cut was made on the top of several others, which now brings our houses down as near as possible to their pre-war prices. These prices, you will be quick to appreciate, can only last so long as steel, cypress and glass go no higher. The chances of their being lower are not encouraging. We sincerely believe this is an advantageous time for your greenhouse building. The pride of possession of one of our houses, and the perpetual pleasure they so abundantly give, is out of all proportion to whatever they may cost. For over half a century we have been builders of greenhouses. Representative will call at your invitation. Printed matter you are welcome to. Builders of Greenhouses and Conservatories IRVIXGTON XEVV YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA N. Y. 30 E. 42nd St. Continental Bank Bldg. Land Title Bldg CLEVELAND TORONTO 407 timer Bldg. Royal Bank Bldg. giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiii, iiiiiimiiniiiiiiiiimniiiiniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiniiii iiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiug The Contents for March, 1922 Things and Thoughts of the Garden Montague Free 73 Hardy Iberis — Candytuft Richard Rothe 75 My Indian Rose Garden George Cecil 76 Irises Grace Siurlevant 77 Cultural Suggestions for the Gladiolus A. E. KimderJ 78 The Tropical Rain Forest . . Willard N. Clute 79 The Progress of the Rose in America Edrvard A. White 80 Late Rose Introductions 83 Potash-Marl E. N. Cleveland 84 The Dahlia Thomas Proctor 85 Roses and the Rose Garden Arthur Smith 86 Some of the Earlier Spring Wild Flowers .... Florum Amator 88 Work for the Month in the Garden Samuel Gelding 89 The Greenhouse, Month to Month IV. R. Forvkes 90 Departments of Foreign Exchange and Book Reviews 92 National Association of Gardeners 93 Local Societies 95 Here and There 96 Raspberries and Blackberries — Salute to the Trees — Fine Limestone is the Best. Published Monthly by = THE CHKONICLE PRESS, INC. , , . . ,. „ i Vol. XXVI, No. 3 oo^ cri A M N/ , NT x/ Subscription $2.00 a year | I Issued 15th of each month. 286 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Canada, $2.15, Foreign $2.65 I I MARTIN C. EBEL. Editor | I Entered at the .\'cw York Post OfK'-e us second cluss matter, Xoz-. 3, 1914. iiiidcr lite .4ct cf Ccngrcss, Me.rcli 3, 1879. | viiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiN lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliy Stumpp & Walter Co.'s Catalog If you have not alread} received our 1922 Spring Catalog, a copy will be mailed to you on request. Many New and Exhibition varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds are offered. Farm and Grass Seeds are also a feature. Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli — the best varieties to date. ^^^^^(m^^^ 30-32 Barclay St. New York I Spuiii llllllllllll IIIIIIIIIUIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 72 iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE (OF AMERICA) Devoted to the Science of Floriculture and Horticulture I Vol. XXVI iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MARCH. 1922 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii No. 3 I il Things and Thoughts of the Garden MONTAGUE FREE "Akcays be merry if thou may, But i^'astc i;of the good ahcay, Have Iiatte of flozccrs fresh as May, Chapelet of Roses on Whit Sunday. For siieh arraie lie costeth but lite." CHAUCER, "The father of English poetry,"' was perhaps the first to make mention of the rose in the written English language. Long before his time, of course, the rose occurs in literature. We read of an Arab writer of the 12th century, B. C, who tells of the Magi's Rose being "entrusted to the guardianship of a special angel." Theophrastus and Pliny made observa- tions on roses as they knew them, and, continuing down to our own time, there has been a constant stream of in- formation and misinformation, comment, and eulogy on the Queen of flowers. Poets have sung of the rose, gar- deners and others have written reams of practical, but not necessarily prosaic, information concerning its cultiva- tion ; and, to all seeming, this will continue so long as time endures and roses blow. In spite of widespread interest evidenced by many ref- erences to the rose in the literature of the ancients it was not until the close of the 18th century that it was honored by a book to itself. According to Miss Will- mott in "The Genus Rosa": "The first illustrated book exclusively on roses is Miss Lawrance's folio volume, with ninety beautiful plates, published in 1799." Since that time the production of books on the rose has been enormous, one might almost say appalling. There are books from nearly every conceivable angle^ scientific works dealing with the description and classifi- cation of Rosa, practical books telling us how to grow them, and talky. talky books designed presumably to while away an idle hour. Of scientific books. John Lindley's "Rosarum ^lono- graphia," published in 1820. is perhaps the most impor- tant of the older works. Coming to the modern times. Ellen \\'illmott's "The Genus Rosa" in two weighty vol- umes, splendidly illustrated, takes its place as the most sumptuous descriptive work on the rose that has ever been published. One of the most readable books is "A Book About Roses," by the late S. Reynolds Hole. The genial Dean is always' interesting, but especially so when writing about his favorite flower, and in this book there is much sound information agreeably spiced with witty anecdote. "Roses for English Gardens," by Gertrude Jekyll and Edward l\Iawlev"is another extremely valuable English publication, not only for the text, but also fo.r the excel- lent photographic illustrations. When writing of books on roses, it is difficult to knovjr when to stop as the subject is so broad. Therefore we thought to pass on to other matters at this point, before getting any farther involved, but it would not do to omit all reference to the excellent American rose literature which, after all, so far as cultural directions are con- cerned, is more applicable to American conditions. We think the most informative and valuable publication on the rose is "The American Rose Annual," a serial pub- lished by the American Rose Society. This should be in the hands of all rose lovers. "Commercial Rose Cul- ture," by Eben Holmes, treats admirably of this side of the subject. Amongst the older books, "The Rose, Its History and Culture," by S. B. Parsons, published in 1847, is interesting, as also is "The Rose," by H. B. Ellwanger. The rose is England's national flower and England has long been famous for the excellence of its roses, whether growing in opulent ducal gardens or clambering over humble thatch-roofed cottages. Although 1921 was not a favorable year for roses in England, because of the drought, a few notes inspired by the editor and by our recent visit may not be amiss in this "Rose Number" of The Chronicle. Although Kew does not specialize to any great extent in roses, its representation of the genus is more than ade- quate and there is much of interest to the rose lover practically throughout the whole year. For, although there may not be blooms to see in the large collection of rose species there is always something of interest, even during the Winter, either in the form of brilliant colored fruits such as we get in Rosa pomifera, R. Helencc, and R. setipoda. or in strange and conspicuous spines as in R. omeiensis var. pteracantha. The garden roses, hybrid perpetuals and teas, are planted in a series of beds in the vicinity of the great palm house. In almost every case only one variety is grown in a bed and these, give a stunning display when at their best. Here are many groups of standard roses, or, as they are called in this country, "tree roses," and, for a ground cover in these beds, the bedding violas are largely used. Much could be said in favor of planting a ground cover beneath those roses whose habit of growth admits of this treatment. Those who advocate it claim that these low growing plants serve to shade the ground and thus help 74 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE keep the roots of the roses cool during the hot Summer months. Furthermore, if suitable plants are chosen their flowers will contrast pleasantly with those of the roses, provide beauty and interest when the roses are out of bloom and hide the bare ground. Of course careful se- lection of plants must be made for this purpose and only those kinds used which have a shallow root system, otherwise they will compete with their neighbors for moisture and food and the roses will sufifer in conse- quence. It is advisable, also, to use those that may be cleared out annually, thus affording unhampered oppor- tunity to fertilize and till the soil about the roses. Plants that have been recommended are the bedding Violas in variety; Viola papilio ; Myosotis for Spring eiifect ; and that charming Southern California annual, Phacclia cam- panitlaria. In the Cambridge Botanic Garden, it was customary to plant the bed containing the hybrid perpet- ual roses with mignonette. If the roses and mignonette should happen to be in bloom at the same time, one might imagine that the conflicting perfumes would be objec- tionable, but, as a rule, mignonette when sown out-of- doors, does not come into bloom until the main crop of roses is over. A feature at Kew is the beds of hybrid perpetuals of strong growing kinds such as "Frau Karl Druschki," ■'Clio,'' and "Gustave Regis," grown under the "pegging down" system. Instead of pruning back the long strong growths, almost as vigorous as those produced by the ramblers, the tips are bent over and pegged down to the ground. This system insures such a profuse display of bloom and the beds present the appearance of billowy mounds of blossom and give an acceptable variant to the usual rose bed. The climbing roses at Kew are cared for on a simple, inexpensive, and yet effective pergola made of iron pipe with the uprights linked lengthwise and across by means of chains, thus forming a continuous line of garlands. This pergola extends for a distance of two or three hun- dred yards and is a ravishing sight in June when the roses are in full bloom. It is the practice to plant a strong grower and a weaker grower opposite each other with the intention that the strong grower should furnish the upright on one side and the transverse support, while the weaker kind covers the upright on the opposite side. There are many who claim that roses sufifer when their branches are fastened to metal, as in this case, because of the great fluctuation in its temperature, but experience at Kew has shown that no ill effects are discernible from this cause. The methods of displaying the ro.ses at Kew are not stereotyped and the rose dell offers a suggestion that might be cojjied to advantage in many gardens. This is formed in an extensive hollow, the site of an old gravel r|uarrv. The hanks of the excavation were shaped to pro- vide pleasing contours, and suitable soil introduced which was held in ])lace. in a series of irregular terraces, by enor- mous tree stum])s. The whole area, with the exception of a winding grass walk down the center, was then jjlanted witli rambler roses of various kinds, the tree stumps forming su])ports over which they clambered. Many of the roses have now found their way into trees which surround the site, greatly adding to the beauty of this valley. For this is indeed a valley of roses, growing in a most pleasing and natural way. with no trace of arti- ficiality, and it presents a most attractive picture through- out the whole of the year. There is a rose at Kew, raised from a bush that grows on the grave of r)mar Khayyam, that is of great interest to lovers of the Persian poet, and calls to mind his quat- rain : "/ sometimes tliink that )icirr blows so red The Nose as where soDie buried Caesar bled ; That every Hyaeiiith the Cardeii iK'ears Dropf ill ;7.v Lap from some oiiec lovely Head." Whatever this rose may. do in its native country, it refttses to thrive very .satisfactorily at Kew, and, as we remember, it was always infested with green lice. A ■bush propagated from the one at Kew has been planted on the grave of Edward Fitzgerald, the first to translate the Rubaiyat into English. This interesting rose is R. dam-aseena, a variety of which is used largely in the Balkans in the production of attar of roses, probably the most expensive perfume known. From this species many of our favorite garden roses have been developed. ;■: :!: ^ The Cambridge Botanic (iarden contains a representa- tive collection of rose species and some of these are note- worthy, either for the size that they have obtained, or for their adaptability to some form or other of ornamental planting. In the latter group comes the Scotch rose, Rosa s'piiiosissivia. This, as its name implies, is tremendously spiny and it is well to wear stout leather gloves when working amongst its branches. At Cambridge a large bed was planted with this rose and many of its varieties. Although they did not present an especially striking dis- play, yet they were interesting and possessed a quiet beauty all their own. This rose is found in the wild state in Europe, Western Asia, and China. It is per- fectly hardy and is well worth growing by those who are interested in wild roses. One of the most striking features when in bloom is an enormous specimen of Rosa moschata, or 7?. Briiiwnii. This clambers all over an Austrian pine and reaches a height of about 50 ft. with a diamet,er of almost 40 ft. It iDlooms quite freely in June, its flowers are white, and have the fragrance of musk. This species is found wild in Southern Asia and Abyssinia; but tmfortunately is not hardy in the north. According to some authorities, it is also found wild in Europe and India, which gives it an extensive range in the wild state. Incidentally, planting some of these strong growing roses so that they mav clamber over old trees, is an ad- mirable way of displaying their beauty. In Miss Jekyll's book, "Roses for English Gardens," there are many illus- trations showing roses clambering over trees. For ex- ample, there is a photograph of a splendid specimen of climbing "Aimee Vibert," i5 ft. high and about 10 ft. in diameter, literally smothered in blooms : and the blush- white .\vrshire rose, the "(^larland," provides a charming effect supported by an old Catalpa. And then there is a picture of the famous P.anksian rose, taken on the Riviera, which shows it ^igxjrously doing its best to smother olive trees and cypresses. One may readily imagine the glorious effect of its pale yellow flowers seen against the somber background. In most gardens there are trees, living or dead, that could be spared for the jnirpose of sujiporting climbing roses and nothing could be more beautiful than a pic- tures(|uc old tree when garlanded with sprays of fragrant rose blossoms. There is another remarkable ro^e in this garden, a liusli rose this time, R. maerophylla. It is notable mainly on ;iccount of its size, fjir it is over IS ft. high and more than 2.T ft. in diameter. This rose has one feature that commends it to gardeners in that it is ])ractically si)ine- less and docs not ])rcsent such a thorny problem to the |)runer as do most of the roses. This is another .Asiatic plant, cnming from the llimalayas and China, and is a ]irofnsc ;incl c^n^lanl lilndiiirr. for March, 1922 75 Hardy Iberis — Candytuft RICHARD ROTHE BOTH the annual and perennial garden species of Iberis — a genus of the order Cnicifcnv — on account of their usefulness for edging purposes, enjoy world-wide popularity. As natives of South Europe and Western Asia, taking kindly to our climate and condi- tions, they proved of easy culture and in the jiroduction llhTis stylosa, syn. Tlilaspi stylosiim. (Courtesy of Alpinuui Kymphctihiirg.) of flowers they are as abundantly free as we see them abroad. Closely related to the hardy evergreen class of Iberis, and for this reason in European catalogs some- times listed as such, are the two alpines : JEthioncma and Thlaspi. Though hardly known on our hemisphere they have in common with the Iberis a wonderful adaptability for dry wall and rockgarden plantings. Of the hardy candytufts the well known species Iberis scmpcri'irens leads in hardiness and dense bushy growth of the pure white ones. The varieties Garrcxiana, Per- fection. Snowflake and siiperba, as improved types of scivt^rr:iynis. arc claimed to he more nr le^= larger flnw- Ibcris sciii['Lrzirt'ns. ering. Little Gem, identical with Weisser Zwerg. a dwarfy compact growing variety, is the ideal thing for sunny rockeries of diminutive sizes. All the hitherto mentioned begin to bloom in April, continuing according to latitude throughout ]\Iay and part of June. Iberis cnrrccfolia. seniperfiorens and the purplish-suf- fused Tcnorcaiia are more adapted for the South. The same may be said of Iberis Gibrultariea, a stately growing species, with, at the base, woody branches and large corymbose heads of white flowers beautifully suffused with pinkish and reddish hues. Throughout the Middle Atlantic and Northern States those species need careful A\"inter protection and more or less sheltered positions. Iiiieris Jiicunda. syn. SEthioiiema cordifolinm, a pink- flowering species from the Lebanon and Tlilaspi alpcstre, white ; rotundifoliitm, light violet and Thlaspi stylosmn, .syn. Iberis stylosa, with pink corymbose heads are low- growing Alpines found in botanical gardens and in the collections of European amateurs. Hardy candytufts are best raised from seeds planted early in Spring under glass. When of sufficient size transplant out in the open ground in garden soil, prefer- ably sandy loam deeply dug. For enrichment use old well decomposed barnyard manure or some leafmold. Move established stock on permanent place of flowering Iberis corractoliu. 1)efore October 1st or early in April. JEtliioncnia and Thlaspi appreciate slight addition of crushed or ground limestone to soil. Hardy candytufts may be also propa- gated by cuttings during Spring and early Summer. Ileing evergreens hardy Iberis require Winter protection, |ireferably leaf covering, thickness according to latitude 'jf location. Success in life may be nearly always measured by the imount of initiative shown in doing one's work. This onquering and elevating force must come from within, and is the development of a genuine desire to keep from becoming lost in the crowd ; a will to do those things in hand as though the whole future depended upon the result. Difficult tasks become easier to the individual showing initiative, because he or she leaves the beaten path and finds a better solution, gaining at the end of the day a reward of sheer personal happiness at having accomplished something worth while in spite of all ob- stacles. — N. C. R. Progress. 76 -iARDENERS' CHRONICLE My Indian Rose Garden GEORGE CECIL INDIA essentially is the land of roses. They may not be the choicest blooms ; the petals have an irri- tating habit of parting company with the calyx: and though, in the main, they resemble the European variety, the gorgeous richness, or delicacy of coloring, as the case may be, is lacking. Still, a rose is a rose — whether it be a good or a bad specimen of its kind, and there is no gainsaying the fact that in India, from Cape Comorin to the borders of Afghanistan, they grow in profusion all the year round. And both the European and the native population glory in the pos- session of rose gardens. When "stationed"' in the upper part of India, where roses are almost as common as daisies are "at home," I was the happy possessor of a perfect rose garden. With its row- upon row of flowering trees and bushes, its trim gravelled pathways and deep green turf, which, elastically yielding to the footfall, made walk- ing on the most appallingly hot day a joy, it was the envy of my neighbors. But Fate, .alas ! conspired to ruin my agreeable "scheme of things entire," and one evening during the "rains," when the languorous air was heavy with the scent of a certain indigenous per- fume which a recent tropical shower had brought to perfection, I received a "semi-official" letter and was transferred to a frontier town. The thought of the roses, however, consoled me, for I had been told that the North was the Paradise of the rose-fancier. Upon reaching my destination, I was driven past garden after garden gay with roses of every conceiv- able variety. The trees were thick with them ; great bushes grew high enough to hide the stooping bent "bhistis" (native water carriers) as they manipulated the goat skins containing the water which brought life to the roses ; and many of the picturesque bunga- lows were half-hidden by the clustering crimson ram- bler. As I neared the end of the journey I had visions of the rose garden which awaited me — for I made certain that my house, like all those I had seen, would be provided with so pre-eminently desirable an ap- pendage. Judge, then, of the sorrow wdiich filled a too confiding heart when T found myself relegated to an ugly, bare bungalow far from the outskirts of the "station," perched on a rock, and without the slightest vestige of a garden. However. I was deter- mined to have one. even if it was only an apology for a garden ; and before twenty-four hours had flown I arranged with a local "mali" to lay down innumer- able cart-loads of earth and to transplant the required number of trees. In fact, the same evening all was in train ; and when I awoke the next morning the rocky space round the little bungalow was several feet deep in earth — abstracted probably from the "compounds" (enclosed ground) oi other "Sahibs." By the time 1 had been a week in the new abode. roses galore met my grateful eye. At first, everything went well. The roses flourished like green bay trees in the wilderness, while the "mali" (gardener) anrl the "bhisti" between them made the little garden a thing of joy. But trouble, alas, was brewing ; a cloud no larger than a pin's point ap- peared on the horizon of my happiness, and soon de- veloped to its full extent. For some unaccountable reason the roses drooped, the leaves turned a dull myrtle green, and each tree and bush withered and died. The occurrence was inexplicable, for gallons of water were daily expended on the garden, and the "mali" was unremitting in his attentions. Eventually the murder was out. It appeared that the "bearer" (colored valet) had a cousin, a ne'er-do-well, who, when not actually doing time, was active engaged in burglarious pursuits, and that, the thieving business being slack, he was anxious to find his relative em- ployment — as my "mali." To that end he plotted and schemed as only a native can ; and when the villain found that a desperate eiTort had to be made, stealing out in the dead of night, he calmly severed the roots of each tree. There was nothing to do but to order a fresh supply — and to pray that they would take kindlv to their new surroundings. What with the exasperating delay of the natives employed in searching for rose trees and the unneces- sary time taken by the railway company in delivering a consignment from a "station" some miles away, I had to possess my soul in patience for what seemed an eternity. Most things, however, come to him who philosophically waits, and a month after the disaster I awoke one sultry day to find my garden blooming once more, wdiile a crimson rambler gave promise of rambling along the verandah railings. But I w-as once again doomed to disappointment. On returning to the flowery little fortress after putting in a week at a distant race-meeting, I discovered that the rose- garden again wore the dejected look which I had such good reason to dread ; and a glance sufficed to show that the cause was want of water. Subsequent en- quiry elicited the fact that, taking advantage of my absence, the trusted "mali" and "bhisti," sallying forth to the "bazaar," had spent the time in drinking deep i)f the wine which is so strictly forbidden by the prophet, with the restilt that when the rose-trees most needed iheir attention no water was forthcoming. Nor was this all, for when, after infinite care and coaxing, the garden was once more got into order, one by one, each tree manifested signs of diminished vitality. It appeared that the "district" was infested by ])orcupines, and that when these most unnecessary animals grew tired of the varieties usually forming their repast, they were wont to make a raid on some "sahib's" garden, and to feast themselves, for choice, upon the roots of the rose-trees. In my case the mis- chievous brutes had, in this manner, killed every tree and shrub to lie found on ni\- little (|uarter acre of land. Tired of battling against destiny, I left the garden to its own devices. And wdien, a month later, I found myself back in Lucknow, and in my old bungalow, I once more enjoyed the pleasures which had been mine before 1 left for the "station" where rose gardens can be both a joj' and a snare. Thus was destiny fulfilled. .^ Rue des T'yramides, T\'iri'^. \'T. How easy it is for one henevolenl being to diffuse pleasure around him, and how truly is a kind heart a fountain of gladness, making everything within its \icinity tri freshen into >miles. — Washington Irving. For March. 1922 77 Irises GRACE STURTEVANT THK year 1922 marks an epoch in garden irises. In- ternational Iris Conferences are scheduled by the Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France in Paris and by the Royal Horticultural Society in London during the blooming season, and the six hundred and fifty members of The American Iris Society plan to be well represented in the discussion preceding the acceptance of standards of nomenclature, classification, and descrip- tion/'' If you are not already an iris enthusiast you do not yet realize what visions of delight the word "Iris" con- jures, what wonderful col- or etifects are possible when tlie modem irises are planted in masses with your other garden flowers. This is the month for planning and I hope that all of you have marked a generous number of spaces on your garden maps with the magic word 'Iris'' and that al- readv you have dreamed over the tantilizing descrip- tions in the catalogs of the speciahst. The iris is best planted after the flowers are past, so reserve the space, not only by marking it on your plan, but also by placing a corresponding stake in the garden itself. Tliis late planting also per- mits you to visit exhibits and nurseries (the New York Botanical Garden has an official Test Garden and this year an exhibit on June 3rd), to select from the blooming plants not only the color, but the very height, or habit, that will perfect your pictured sclieme. I do not want a garden of irises onlv (a collection is another proposition altogether) but rather one where other perennials in contrast may enhance their delicate beauty of form and color; early bulbs, Arabis and Mat pinks with the Korolkonn- and Pnmila hybrids. Phlox dnmri- cata and tulips with the Intermediates, Sweet Rocket and Lupins in pink and purple and white, with the later irises with here and there yellow roses, Hugonis, Han-isoiii. and Persian. Sometimes the peonies and raml.iler roses flower before the irises are gone and then, as is the case with some of the flaming oriental poppies, we must restrict our iris colors in the interests of har- mony. A garden of irises alone should be in a secluded spot, a fairy land where one can visit in its glory and then leave to the gardener until another Spring. For distant and mass effect clear self tones in various colors are the best, markings on the falls reduce the ap- parent size and blended tones become a mere blur in the distance. Varieties with short, high branches that bring the blooms nearly on a level form a more solid sheet of 'iarrclane. *For further inforniatinn write R. S. Sturtevant, Sec'y. Wellesley Farms, Mass. color. But in the garden where the flowers are within reach and generally below the level of the eye, plant those with some outstanding quality of delicate color or unique marking, of form, substance, or satiny or velvety texture. There are varieties of blended tones where thin layers of lavender and pink and yellow in varying inten- sities seem laid one upon another, others where two sap colors seem actually comliined in the cellular structure, and many whose beauty changes with every change of light. Some are most fragrant, redolent with the odors of grape or walerlily. Select a few, too, among the whites, or plicatas, that are cream, or white delicately penciled with mauve and violet, for their airy grace when you brave the dew on a moonlight night. And lastly put the rich, sombre purple and maroon varie- ties and others with colors that do not carry well into the garden where they will add character as accents. All these points and many more will add immeasur- ably to your pleasure as you become intimately ac- quainted with the charm of each individual iris. The early Pnmila hybrids make excellent informal borders next the path, and and in drifts now running to the back, or reaching to the front, can be arranged the majority of the varieties that range from 15-36 inches in height; while be- hind and in selected spots can come the five foot stalks. These giants are mostly of recent* introduc- tion and I call them of the garden "decorative type" as they seem best suited to planting in clumps that will reveal the branching habit and the poise of tiie immense flowers. In England they are often staked as a precaution against wind and rain. The effect of light and shade on the different iris colors, or on even the same tone in dift'erent varieties, is a study in itself. In some the beauty is intensified by the flick- ering shadows from nearby trees : others reveal a vivid vitality in the sun of noondav which thev lose when brought indoors : while an ethereal beautv envelopes my planting of Pallida Dalmatica "Princess Beatrice" when the level rays of the setting sun make translucent the flaring falls. And to an even greater degree are iris colors modified by artificial lighting. For cutting, use the pale colors, whites and near-whites tinted with blue, lavender or pink, mere touches of color that suggest com- binations with darker tones. Do not neglect the deco- rative value of the foliage either within or out-of-doors. An iris leaf seems one of Nature's bequests that cannot be bettered by man or art as an accompaniment to the iris flower : the contrast of the strength and simplicity of its upright, sword-shaped blade with the delicate tissue of rounded segments grouped in threes, the subdued decorative type" of Iris. 78 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE frosted green with brilliant colors delicately lined in char- acter with the whole bloom, form perfect counterparts. For color in masses I should choose from a list con- taining Florcntina alba. Ingeborg, Mrs. Horace Darwin, and Fairy; for white or pearl — Mrs. G. Reuthe. Glori de Hillegoni. Pallida Daliiiatica. Juniata, and Pare de Neuitly in increasing depth from white to violet ; Flav- ascens and Aiirea, yellow selfs; Mrs. Alan Gray, Her Majesty, and Wyomissing for delicate pinks; Caprice for claret, and Loreley, Mithras, or Princess Victoria Luise, and the Blue and white Rhein Nixe for bicolors. For the garden beds I will tell you what I consider superfine, but I want you to remember that there are hun- dreds of good ones, much less expensive ones in fact, but as we" become more critical our appreciation of the following novelties grows; Ma Mie, Parisiana. Milky Way, Damozel, Cygnet, Mme. Chobaut, Delight ; White Knight, Myth Avalon, Mile. Schwartz, Queen Caterina, Balboa, Halo, Neptune, Mme. Cheri, Moa, Opera, De Guesclin, B. Y. I^Iorrison, Prince Lohengrin, Reverie, Dominion. Tyrian, Wild Rose, Crusader, Rose Madder, I\Ime. de Gaudichau, Shekinah, Prospero, Asia, and Am- bassadeur. All these are of the best, among their varied colors each should be able to select his or her ideal. Somehow we never think of the iris as a florist's flower and yet last year some of the finest window displays in San Francisco were of irises, bearded irises. My corre- spondent writes that the light tones were in fine demand and that, if cut in bud and delivered by hand the results were extremely good. Let us hope that in time the iris will become as familiar to the city dweller as it now is to all who have a bit of garden. Given plenty of sun and good drainage they will thrive for the most careless of growers. Their beauty is within the reach of all. Cultural Suggestions for the Gladiolus A. E. KUNDERD WHILE the Gladiolus gives satisfaction with or- dinary care and culture in average soils, the super'ior blooms which are produced by special attention more than justify the extra care. If possible, each season a new location, or a new soil at least, should be used so that bulbs are not planted more than every third year in the same soil. As far better results are obtained from rich soil, it is advisable to spade in a good covering of manure late in the Fall preceding the plantings, and in Spring to spade deep and to pulverize thoroughly as soon as the soil is in proper condition. To have a long blooming season one should plant at intervals of about two weeks from the time when the garden is started until the middle or latter part of June. Bulbs can be planted four inches deep and over in mellow soils, and from four to eight inches apart in the row; deep planting prevents, to some degree, the plants from falling over in their blooming period. The blooms will have greater resistance against the sun and more lasting cjualities if the soil in the beds are frequenth" and thoroughly watered at evening. Do not allow a soil crust to form in rows among the plants, but cultivate well, especially early in the fore- noon following a watering the previous evening. When the blooming spikes begin to appear, cultiva- tion should only be about two inches deep. Once everv week or ten days liquid fertilizer or prepared sheep manure can he a])])lied to the soil near the rows, but one must be careful in not making the application too strong. To intensify deep shades, apply Scotch soot when the plants are about half grown ; and it is said that the delicate shades can be clarified by applying weak lime water just before the blooms begin to open. Nitrate of soda, about a tablespoonful to two gallons of water for each dozen plants, is very beneficial and may be applied to the soil once every week or ten days after the buds show color. If one prefers the pulverized nitrate of soda, this may be sprinkled over the soil, raked in and watered. Slender stakes of wood or bamboo, painted light green to make them less conspicuous, serve as fine supports to the spikes during their blooming season. Where horizontal lines are used, fasten them to the end posts firmh^ set and stretch the wires tightly. A few- more stakes should also be placed at intervals along the lines. Instead of using cord to tie the spikes to the supports, tie them carefully with strips of cloth. When the first flowers open, one should cut the spikes, and allow them to bloom in the house in order to secure the best results. Every morning the stems should be cut a little with a long slope and not squarely rtcross ; rinsed and given fresh water, and the wilted blossoms removed. The blooms are refreshed and improved by being placed in a cool cellar during the night. If good bulbs are desired for the following year, four to five strong leaves should be left on the plants when cutting the spikes. In the Fall, dig the bulbs before the plants are too ripe, and cut off the tops. Dry well in the air and sun- shine, cure thoroughly indoors for a few weeks, then store in a cool, dry cellar. A covering of sand while in storage (after bulbs are well cured) is a protection against frost or dampness, which tends to develop disease. Keep as near 40 degrees as possible. Should bulbs become affected with disease or scab, they ma}' be benefited by one of the three following remedies; Soak bulbs in a bichloride of mercury (cor- rosive sublimate) solution of fifteen grains to each gallon of water for twenty minutes. Or; Use two ounces of corrosive sublimate dissolved in fifteen gallons of water and soak for two hours (for smaller amounts in proportion). Or ; Use one ounce of 40 per cent for- maldehyde to each four gallons of water and immerse bulbs for twenty minutes to one hour. I have left l)ulbs immersed for longer periods in even stronger solutions, but care must be exercised not to make the treatment too severe for fear of injury. Sometimes it is best to remove the peel before bulbs are treated. These treatments are generally employed just before planting. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE The Standby of the profi-ssional. The Safe Guide for the amntcur. Puldished on the 15th of each nioiUh. If you are not a siiliscriher, send two dollars for a year's suhscription and receive this magazine regu- larly. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, 286 Fifth Ave, Ntw York. For March, 1922 79 The Tropical Rain Forest WILLARD N. CLUTE BACK and forth across the equator moves the sun on its annual journey from the tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn, carrying with it a beh of rainfall that makes the so-called Torrid Zone perennially green. There are. to be sure, many places in the tropics where desert conditions prevail ; in fact, most of the great deserts of the world lie fairly close to the equator, but such regions are always caused by unusual conditions such as a mountain range intercepting the moisture-bear- ing winds. In other parts of the tropics the moisture is not only abundant, it is superabundant. Just how abun- dant it is may be realized when it is known that if all the water that falls on the Eastern United States were col- lected for a year, it would not equal the amount that has fallen in a single day in the tropics ! In some unusually wet spots there is more than six hundred inches of rain- fall a year — more than fifty feet ! Under such condi- tions rivers rise with great rapidity, sometimes thirty feet in an hour. A body of water that behaves in this way may give peculiar ideas to the natives. In Jamaica they often speak of the river as a separate entity. They say it is "down"' when it is running bank full and "up" when it is in the clouds overhead and preparing to come "down." The effect upon vegetation of this enormous rainfall, coupled with the maximum heat and light can scarcely be imagined by one who has not seen the tropical rain forest. So luxuriantly do all sorts of vegetation grow- that one must literally chop his way through it if he leaves the beaten track. Everywhere the forest is a dim, shaggy, dripping, wilderness of plants. One of the first differences to be noted between the rain forest and the forests of temperate regions is the way in which each species is scattered through the wood- lands. There is seldom a grouping of single species to form colonies such as we find in our forests of oak. pine, beech, maple, and the like. The number of dift'erent species is, of course, infinitely greater and they usually attain a larger size. A new form of trees is also noticed ■ — a columnar form with unbranched stem, and ample leaves springing from a single bud at the summit. Of this type are the various palms, tree-ferns, dracasnas and numerous others. The excurrent type, represented by our pines and spruces, with a central stem from which smaller branches are regularly given off is usually rare. Most of the forest trees, however, are of the solvent type, such as is found in our elms and oaks and at a little distance the tropical forest could not be distinguished from a temperate region forest unless it happened to have an unusual number of palms in it. In the desert the most interesting forms of plants have been evolved by adaptations for securing and conserving the scanty supply of moisture, but in the rain forest may be found many devices for avoiding excess moisture. Often the leaves have long slender tips for throwing off the water away from the roots. With an abundant and perennial supply of water and unvar>'ing warmth, a new phase is given to the struggle for existence. Com- petition is now for sufficient light. On the forest floor are great numbers of mosses, ferns, and creepers which have learned to exist in the semi-twilight cast by the tall tree.s — shade plants, we call them — but plants which need more light have moved to the branches of the forest canopy. Thousands may be found on a single tree. Among the plants with this epiphytic habit one notes a large number of orchids, bromeliads, ferns, club-mosses and the like. Cireat lianas, or woody vines, often with stems as large as a middle-sized tree, loop from tree to tree and bind the vegetation into a solid mat of verdure. Where the forest is more open, for any cause, giant herbs appear. Some of these are so large as to pass for trees as in the case of the banana. This plant, how- ever, as can easily be seen in the usual greenhouse, is really an herb equivalent to the iris, day-lily or peony of more boreal regions. Other great herbs are the gin- ger, arrow-root, canna, taro, and many ferns. After botanizing in the tropical rain forest for a time the student discovers that many of the plant families which are characteristically herbaceous in regions nearer the poles are here prevailingly woody. This is especially true of the Lcgiiiiiiiiositha, R. involuta, continuity of bloom, are of the highest importance and and R. Jiiiidzillii of the Old World and native R. every effort is made to develop these perfections in' Maconnii and R. nntkana, and the most northern forms hybrid progeny. There are already too many weak of R. nitida. R. pratiitcola and R. Iitcida or R. znrginiana. .^s-^s^rlV-y Rosa i I y of Aiiu'iutui A'l varieties that produce a few exquisite blooms under ex- There is considerable diversity in garden adaptability ceptional conditions of culture but new varieties that among these extremely hardy wild roses and crossings do not require incessant coddling are needed for Ameri- with the several attractive new Chinese species, and with 82 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE highly developed florists" varieties may open up new features of value in the offspring. Seeds of most of the northern species are of slow germination and prob- ably several seasons will be needed to bring out their possibilities." Rosa miiltiflora has been the parent of many climbing varieties which have left an indelible impression on the mind of rose lovers. The more trailing or prostrate, evergreen species IVichnraiana has played an important part in the development of the so-called "Pillar Roses." Such men as Jackson Dawson, Dr. Van Fleet, ]\I. H. Walsh, W. A. Manda. Hoopes Bros, and Thomas and others, saw the possibilities for improvement in the desirable characters of each, through hybridization, and crosses were made between these two species ; also be- tween these and R. setigcra and the Hybrid Teas and Hybrid Perpetuals. Among the best of the present day varieties which have resulted from such crosses are Dawson {R. miiltiflora X General Jacqueminot, H. P.), Farquahar (R. U'ichuraiava X Crimson Rambler, H. AF), Dr. Van Fleet (R. IVichnraiana X Mme. Gabriel Luizet, H. P.); Gardenia (R. Wichuraiana X P^tIs des Jardins, H. T.), American Pillar (R. JVicluiraiaiia X R- setigcra) ; and Christine Wright (an unnamed Wichu- raiana seedling X Caroline Testout, FL T.). Rosa multitlora crossed with Teas and Hybrid Teas has also given a type of the so-called "Polyantha Pom- pons" like George Elgar and Cecile Brunner, varieties now so popular. There have also been produced from similar crosses the dwarf polyanthas so useful as bed- ding roses. Varieties of these like Echo, Triomphe Orleanais, Mainan Turbat, and Mine. Jules Goiicliaiilf are also much used by florists in forcing for Spring bloom. The Tea Roses became popular in America during the middle of the nineteenth century. Rosa odorata, or the original Tea Rose with double blush flowers, was intro- duced into England from Western China in 1810, and in 1824 a form with pale yellow flowers was introduced. From the crossing of this species with Rosa chinensis, the Bengal Rose, and other Chinese species, the present day Tea Roses have been produced. Among the older varieties of Tea Roses still grown to a considerable ex- tent for commercial purposes, particularly for corsage bouquets in retail stores is Bon Silene. This was orig- mated by Hardy in 1835 and is one of the few varieties which has stood the long-time test. Catherine Mermet originated by Pierre Guillot in 1869 was the parent through bud variation, in 1885, of the Bride. This was the principal white variety grown in greenhouses until the advent of the Hybrid Tea, White Killarney, in 1909. P.ridesmaid, the pink Tea Rose popular as a greenhouse variety, was also produced by a bud variation on Catherine Mermet in 1892. The species of roses which have been chiefly responsible for increasing the vigor of garden varieties are Rosa gallica, the Provence Rose, R. horbonica, the Bourbon Rose, and R. damascena, the Damask Rose, Hybrids of. these species with R. chinensis and R. ndorata have given the present day type known as Hybrid Perpetuals or Remontants. This race became popular from 1860 to 1890. Many Hybrid Perpetuals are now grown, but their more limited blooming period makes them less in demand than are the more constant blooming but less hardy varieties of Hybrid Teas. Fran Karl Druschki, General Jacqueminot, Paul Neyron, and Hugh Dickson are still found in the majority of American Rose gardens. Near the middle of the nineteenth century European rose breeders began to search for some method of in- creasing the hardiness of Tea Roses. As a result existing varieties were crossed with Hybrid Perpetuals. One of the first results of such a cross was achieved by Pierre Guillot of Lyons, France, when he originated La France. This was, however, not recognized as a new type until 1890. The first product of the hardier type which was classified as a Hybrid Tea rose is said to have been Cheshunt Hybrid, introduced by George Paul in 1873. The writer had the pleasure of a day with George Paul shortly before his death last September. I\Ir. Paul then showed him with great pride, two of his most recent hybrids, "Paul's Perpetual-flowering Lemon Pillar" and "The Premier," a hybrid of Rasa hitcsccus. Hybrid Tea roses of European origin have played an important part in American rose breeding. They have furnished the parents for many of our best varieties. Honor must be given Alex. Dickson for Killarney, Will- iam Paul for Ophelia, Pernet-Ducher for Mrs. Aaron Ward, Sunburst, Souvenir du Claudius Pernet, and to many others for varieties which have been and are to be such important factors in American rose production. However, our American breeders have been doing most excellent work and no finer results have been achieved anywhere than those of American rosarians. John Cook, Baltimore, Md., has given us the following which have been foremost among commercial varieties : Mv Marvland, 1908 ; Radiance, 1908 : Francis Scott Kev. 1913; :\rrs. John Cook. 1919; Glorified La France, 1919. F. G. Hil!, Richmond, Indiana: Richmond, 1905: Rhea. Reid, 1908; Columbia, 1916; Premier, 1918; Mme. But- terfly, 1918; Hill's .\merica, 1921. Alexander Mont- gomerv, Fladlev, Mass. ; Wellesley, 1905 ; Crimson Queen, 1912; Mrs. Chas. Russell, 1912; Hadley, 1914: Crusader, 1919 ; Pilgrim, 1919. Frederick Dorner & Sons Co., Lafayette, Indiana: Hoosier Beauty, 1915. In distinctly garden varieties of Hybrid Teas, Captain George C. Thomas has recently produced Bloomfield Abundance and Bloomfield Progress, 1920; Howard and Smith ; Los Angeles, 1916, and Miss Lolita Armour, 1920. These are but a few of the recent valuable acquisitions- to American varieties by American rose breeders. The field of rose breeding is a broad one and it is safe to say that the work our Americans have thus far done is but a beginning ; the future holds much of promise. Other agencies are at work in America which stand pre-eminently for rose progress. "The American Rose Society" is carrying the rose far to the front as a flower for all classes of people. The work of the or- ganization is governed by a body of men who are gen- erously donating their money, time and thought to those subjects which stand for j)rogress in every phase of rose growing in .America. The test-gardens in various sec- tions of the United States which are under the direction of the A. R. S. have been valuable agents in demon- strating the adaptation of various species and varieties to different soils and climates. The .\merican Rose An- nual, which the organization publishes for its members, is full of valuable rose literature. The volumes con- stitute a rose library and no one interested in any phase of garden work can afford to be without them. \\'ilh the increasing interest shown by our .\mericait peojile in rose growing, with the literature which is ac- cunnilating year by year, and best of all with the in- troduction of the hardier varieties, which are eliminating the discouraging element of Winter killing in the north- ern section, rose progress in the United States is certain. There arc two things necessary for the enrichment of life, mentally, physically, socially, and sjiiritually. They are very simple and are known to all men. C)ni' is hard work and the other is a determination to do right. — Calvin Cdolidgc. For Mutch. ]'J22 83 Late Rose Introductions SOUVENIR de Claudius Pernet, a Pernet'mna seed- ling, is a rose that has been long waited for. It IS a golden yellow rose which will stand our vigor- ous requirements and will not turn white around the edges as does most every yellow rose. The orange yellow shade so prominent in such sorts as Mrs. Ward or Sunburst is entirely ab- .sent here, and Souvenir de Claudius Pernet with its clear shining yellow color has created a ver- itable sensation among all visitors to the numerous exhibitions where it has been shown. Max Graf has at- tractive, single, bright pink flowers, with petals even more crimped than the pink form of Ru- gosa. While an excel- lent climber, or pillar rose, it is even more ap- pealing as a ground cover, surpassing, in this respect, any of the Wi- churaiana varieties. It is especially attractive when planted on a steep bank, wall. Mrs. William C. Egan, a new or trailing over a stone hybrid tea rose, is named in honor of the wife of William C. Egan, well known and appreciated for his love of horticul- ture. It is an extremely vigorous, healthy grow- er, and popular for indi- vidual plantings m small gardens as well as for massed effect in large gardens. The reverse of the petals is of a pleasing shade of light pink, the interior a deep flesh color with a golden line at base of petals. Its long pointed buds are of perfect form, de- veloping into flowers of good shape. Souvenir dc Chind'ms Pcnict. {Courtesy of Charles H. Totty Co.) Why Not Subscribe to the G.\RDENERS' CHRONICLE? Yearly Subscription $2.00 Max Graf. (Courtesy of Henry A. Dreer, Inc.) Mrs: William C Egan (Courtesy of Henry .1. Dreer, Inc.) 84 GARDENERS' CHRONICLl Potash-Marl E. N. CLEVELAND POTASH-MARL is a natural fertilizer and as its name indicates is a marl containing a high per- centage of potash, as distinguished from Calcar- eous or Lime-Marl. The use of marl was fully understood at the beginning of the century. Since the time of the Roman concjuest, and probably before, the marl beds of northern France and southern Belgium have been constantly exploited. Great hollows are found in many of the fields of northern France made by the excavation of marl many centuries ago. The true function of marl, however, was but little understood, and even its chemical composition was prac- tically unknown by those using it. Potash-Marl is a consolidated mass of sandy particles of emerald green color composed of potash, iron and phosphoric acid minerals, together with the decomposed and crystallized remains of whales, sharks' teeth, mol- lusks, fishes and other nitrogenous materials. The following is an extract from a scientific report made by Dr. Hal Trueman Beans, Ph.D., of Columbia University, New York : "Glauconite, the principal mineral constituent of green- sand, is essentially a hydrated silicate of iron and potas- sium, associated with minerals containing aluminum, cal- cium, magnesium and phosphorus. Owing to the fact that it is a hydrated silicate, it is easily decomposed by the most varied chemical reagents, including even weak organic acids. Silicates of this class are to be sharply distinguished from non-hydrated silicates such as the feldspars, which are extremely difficult to decompose. Furthermore, hydrated silicates absorb additional water in large quantity and are, therefore, further distinguished from the feldspars and similar silicates which show no tendency to retain water. "The analvsis of Potash-^Iarl gave this result: IMo'isture 'i 4.05% Loss on Ignition 4.83 Iron & Aluminum oxides 28.52 Insoluble IMatter 50.79 Phosphorus (P,0,) L14 Calcium Oxide (CaO) 2.14 Potash (K^O) 6.50 "In order to determine the relation between the potash and phosphorus in the available form as determined above, and the total potash and phosphorus contained in the greensand, separate determinations of the total quan- tities were made, with the following result : Total Phosphorus (P.OJ 1.84% Total Pota.sh (K,0) 7.24 "It thus appears that approximately 90 per cent of the total potash is in a form which will ultimately be available to plant assimilation. It appears therefore from the alxjve analysis and from the well-known chemical characteristics of glauconite, that these samples of green- sand contain in a reasonably readily available condition all of those inorganic mineral substances which are es- sential to plant growth. While it is true that practically none of this material is in a water-soluble condition, nevertheless, glauconite is so easily decomposed that the above figures may properly be taken to represent that portion of the material which will actually become avail- able to the plant." Potash-Marl is both a direct and indirect fertilizer, as it improves both the chemical and physical properties of the soil. It acts in conjunction with the elements at all times to assist in unlocking plant food fnmi llic nat- ural soil as well as from the life elements contained in itself; correcting acidity and prompting nitrification. The New Jersey State Geologist's last report, ending June 30, 1920, just published, makes the following state- ment as to the solubility of Potash in greensand : "In spite of its low solubility, recent experiments show that plants in their early growing stage will assimilate potash from greensands as effectively as from the usual soluble commercial potassium salts." The phosphoric acid contained in the Potash-Marl is acted upon the same as the potash, it becomes slowly soluble through chemical action and weathering. The iron and aluminum oxides in Marl produced quantities of nitrogen, although in the analysis of the Marl no credit is given for it producing any nitrogen which is of great value as a fertilizer. Quoting from "Agricultural Chemistry," by Justus Liebig, Ph. D., F. R. S., one of the greatest chemists in the world. Page 103, "The o.xides of iron and aluminum are distinguished from all other metallic oxides by their power of forming solid com- pounds with ammonia. Minerals containing oxide of iron also possess in an eminent degree that remarkable property of attracting ammonia from the atmosphere and retaining it." Dr. Edmund Ruffin, of A'irginia, began his experiments with marl in February, 1818. From land thus treated he obtained an increase of 40 per cent over the crop oti similar land untreated. Encouraged by this result, he planned more extensive experiments for future years. Without entering into the details of these trials, the re- sult may be stated as overwhelmingly -in favor of the use of marled fields. The yield was more than twice as great as from the same fields before marling. The experiments were continued for a long series of years, accurate records being kept of the history of each plot of ground, frequent comparisons being made be- tween the measured yields of marled and unmarled fields. Marl was tried with and without manure and manure was tried with and without marl. The greater the number of experiments and the more numerous the results obtained the greater proof was given that the use of marl was of great advantage. The careful manner in which the experiments were carried on show him to rank as one of the most intelli- gent experimenters of his time. He searched the litera- ture of every age for mention of the occurrence of marl and the history of its publication to the purpose of agri- culture. Fie was familiar with foreign publications on the subject. United States Government Rejiort, Published in 1910, Page 761 states : "New Jersey Marl has been of incal- culable value to the region in which it is found. It has raised this region from the lowest stage of agricultural exhaustion to a high state of improvement. "Lands which in the old style of cultivation had to lie fallow, by the use of marl produce heavy crops of clover and grow rich while resting. Lands which had been worn out and left in common arc now by the use of this fertilizer yielding large crops of the finest quality. Everywhere in the marl district may be seen farms which in former years would not support a family, but which are now making their owners rich through jiroductive- ness. Extract from "The Grapes of New York," by Prof. U. P. Hedrick. Subject; Grapes Suffering from 'Yellow (Continued on pai^c 91) For March, 1922 85 The Dahlia THOMAS PROCTOR THE Dahlia, now prominently identified as one of our most beautiful Autumn flowering plants, has rapidly advanced in popular favor during the last few years. No doubt, the many new and gorgeous va- rieties introduced by the hybridizers have in no small measure contributed' greatly to the popularity of this plant. There is now a vast contrast between the flowers of the Dahlia we have today, from what they were twenty or thirty years ago when we had but a few indifferent varieties to adorn our homes with. Now we have hun- dreds of rare and beautiful varieties to choose from, rep- resented by all the colors of the rainbow. Cultivation The cultivation of the Dahlia is by no means difficult, providing their wants are carefully attended to during the growing season. One should bear in mind, for in- stance, that the Dahlia is a moisture-loving subject, and therefore, should never be allowed to suffer for the want of water at any stage of its growth. While we all know that this plant will grow and pro- duce flowers in almost any kind of soil and situation, one who is ambitious to win the silver cup with his blooms will endeavor to select the most promising loca- tion he can find in order to make a success of his efforts. I have found that a level sunny position facing south, and well protected from stormy winds, gives the best results. If the grower has time at his disposal to trench the ground for the reception of his plants the results will be all the better for the extra labor involved. If that is not feasible, digging or plowing will suffice ; in either case, however, the ground should be incorporated with well rotted cow manure with a small sprinkling of bone meal included. Staking and Planting When the preparation of the ground is accomplished, strong stakes should be provided and firmly placed in position, four feet apart each way, and near the top of each stake a six inch label tacked on for the name of the variety to be planted. Around the bottom of the stakes a little pulverized sheep manure forked in is of much benefit in giving the young plants a start. It makes little difference whether tubers or rooted cut- tings are used for planting. The varieties that are in- tended for the production of exhibition blooms should in no case be planted too early. June 5 to 10. or even a little later will be quite soon enough for the latitude of Long Island. If set out much in advance of the dates mentioned, the plants will become exhausted, and con- sequently will not produce exhibition blooms. When the plants are six inches in height, the points are pinched out in order to induce the plant to send up more growths. As soon as conditions will permit, the young shoots should be carefully tied to the stakes as they extend in length. With varieties that are intended for the produc- tion of exhibition blooms, one bud only should be left on each shoot to develop ; otherwise, several buds may be left on, as desired by the cultivator. Feeding The Dahlia, like the Chrysanthemum, responds well to generous treatment, and there is nothing better in my opinion, than liquid cow and sheep manure for that pur- pose, applied alternately twice or three times a week according to conditions. Scotch soot also in liquid form and used once a week when the buds are well advanced, plays a very important part in the development and color of the blooms, as well as the foliage. Nitrate of soda is also considered beneficial if used with discretion. Feeding should commence when the plants have become well established, lightly at first, then gradually increasing the strength until the maximum is reached, that is, when the buds are well advanced. When the latter begin to show color, feed lightly again until the blooms are three- quarters developed ; then stop using the cow and sheep manure, and finish off the blooms with a weak solution of the Scotch soot. Insects Insects are troublesome in most sections of the country and will do considerable damage to the foliage if not checked in time. I find that Ivory soap, dissolved in water and applied to the foliage with a spray pump once a week will invariably prevent the ravages of all kinds of insects and keep the foliage in healthy condition. Winter Storage As the Dahlia is a very tender subject, the first good frost generally ends its usefulness as a cut flower pro- ducer. When that takes place, the stems should be cut back to within eight or ten inches from the ground; the labels with the names of the varieties taken from the stakes and securely fastened to the stem that remains. If the weather is dry and conditions otherwise favor- able, the plants should be lifted — the dirt partly shaken oft' — and transferred to a frost-proof cellar, where the light is partially excluded, and be left there for the Win- ter. Care must be taken to see that the tubers do not shrivel, generally the result of a, too hot and dry atmos- phere, if that condition should occur, sand or dirt, scattered over the tubers, will in most cases remedy it. To get the best result from the plants it is essential that the ground be constantly cultivated, not only to keep down the weeds, but also to retain the moisture. This should be particularly attended to when the weather is dry and hot. Never allow the plants to wilt for want of water or the result will be disastrous if exhibition blooms are looked for. Be prepared at all times for the sudden approach of destructive wind storms, or the plants may be ruined, if not - protected and carefully tied to the stakes. Remove all weak and useless growths ; also flower buds that are in excess of those required for devel- opment. The fewer the buds left, the better will be the blooms. Keep a sharp lookout for insects, and before they commence their depredations, apply the remedy as advised for prevention. Study carefully the plant's re- quirements at every stage of its career, and success should be the reward. Ijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilillllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu I Competent Gardeners | I The comforts and products of a country | I home are increased by employing a competent | I gardener ; if you want to engage one, write us. | j Please give particulars regarding place and | j say whether married or single man is wanted. | I We have been supplying them for years to the | I best people everywhere. No fee asked. I PETER HENDERSON & CO. i Seedsmen and Florists I 35 and 37 Cortlandt St., NEW YORK CITY liiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiii^ 86 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Roses and the Rose Garden ARTHUR SMITH WF. ha\e jircviouslv alluded to separate gardens de- voted to special purposes, as being possibilities in connection with home surrovmdings, and cer- tainl}' where there is room a good Rose Garden is one of the most desirable features. The genus Rosa is a very large one. and perhaps in no other is there so much dispute among botanists re- garding the number of species contained in it. While a French botanist has listed and described some four thousand as being distinct species, the majority of bot- anists confine the number to about one hundred. WhUe some knowledge of roses from a botanical standpoint is interesting in connection with the parentage of the rose of today as known in our gardens, from a purely horti- cultural point of view botani- cal classifica- tion is of mi- nor importance as, with one or two exceptions to be noted later, all culti- vated roses are hybrids, al- though the leading gar- den-groups fol- low to some extent specific lines. At the same time it is impossible to trace back all of the hy- brids to their original species with accuracy. We know that from the earliest times when any at- tempt at gar- dening was made at all, great dependence was laid u])on the ro.se. We have a race of roses which have come down from the ancient gardens of Persia: the medieval gardens have given us others, and down to the present time gardeners have always vied with each other to produce new and wonderful varieties of this classic plant which has been known for ages as the Queen of Flowers. Consefjuently we have now a rose for every situation and, where the climate is genial enough, roses in bloom every month of the year. The results of domesticating the rose are marvellous, yet, so far as being at the end of possibilities in the way of producing kinds more suitable for the extremes of climates found in this country arc concerned, the real breeding of roses has little more than begun and a rich field for the future is indicated. In this direction the passing away of Dr. Van Fleet is a tremendous loss to horticulture as the success of his work as far as the time alloted to him permitted, proved that he was working along the right lines. Leaving out botanical considerations entirely, horticul- tural roses may be divided into three groups: "garden'' roses, a term confined to tea roses, hybrid teas and hybrid perpetuals or remontant; climbing roses; and shrubbery roses. Those contained in the first group are the result of hybridizing about a dozen species, and selections and seedlings from the resulting hybrids. These roses do not lend themselves to landscape effects because they have comparatively little foliage and lack strong shrubby char- acteristics. These highly improved roses are essentially flower-garden subjects — hence the term given them. To produce anything like good results from them they must be grown by themselves so that they can receive the special care in the way of soil treatment, pruning, water- ing, feeding, which could not be con\-enientl\- given else- where. It is worth while to state some of the distinctions be- tween the three classes of w h i c h this group is com- posed. The tea roses are admired the world over for their deli- cious frag- rance, the ex- quisite form and rich tints of their flowers and value for cutting. They are the least hardy of the group and re- q u i r e special methods for protecting them in cli- mates of se- vere Winters. A good way, where they cannot be wintered in the open, is to place cold frames over them, the size of bed and position- of the plants being previously arranged with this idea in view. The slope of the frame shouUl be to the east. It is important to remove the sash when the temperature is at thirty degrees or above, and air should be given when the thermometer is at twenty. The hybrid tea varieties have some of the characters of the teas, especially their constant blooming qualities, and most of them have some of the hardiness of the liybrid perpetuals. but thev require to be well protected during Winter with strawy mani're or leaves in climates where the tcm])erature reaches zero. This class has been I)roduced by crossing the teas with hybrid perpetuals, l)Ut there is considerable variation among them, especially as to hardiness, as well as in flower production, and the most satisfactory are those partaking of the good qualities of both. The hybriil perpetuals are hardier than the preceding, and more vigorous and robust in habit, their flowers being larger, some of them of immense size and generally of more substance than either of the others. They (niiiit-it. (iiii(ili-sy of liol'biiik I'r AlL-iiis.) for March, 1922 87 flower as a rule only early in the Summer, but as an offset we are rewarded at that time with a greater abun- dance of larger and longer keeping blossoms. Many va- rieties, not only produce a wealth of flowers during June and part of July, but do so at intervals all the season with an increase towards the Autumn. This is especially the case if, after the first blooms are over, the bushes are cut back to encourage new growth of wood, for, with these, as with almost all others, it is only upon new wood that flowers are produced. A rose garden is practically only a garden for the pro- duction of roses of the highest quality in the greatest quantity, in the same way as a vegetable garden is for the production of vegetables, therefore everything should be subservient to these ends. For convenience as much as for anything else a rose garden should be rectangular in shape and its beds laid out along formal lines. Fancy beds of intricate patterns are not only entirely out of place but at the same time create considerable inconvenience and cause waste of room. In addition to the fact that these roses are not themselves any addition to the appearance of a landscape, the formalness of a garden of this kind renders it objec- tionable as a part of a harmonious natural planting, there- fore some means must be taken to prevent it producing a discordant note in home surniundings. A rose garden or rose border should be in an open spot away from high buildings and tall trees so that the plants can obtain plenty- of sun and air, and the ground may have a little slope in any direction, but all other conditions being equal, a gentle slope to the southeast is preferable. Having chosen the situation and decided upon the ex- tent of ground to be devoted to this purpose, some method of planting the surroundings must be devised so as to avoid making the rose beds part of the landscape. I have known rose gardens to be merely surrounded by a closely clipped privet hedge, which neither from a lands- cape point of view nor from any other, does anything to relieve the situation ; in fact it would be better to have a rose garden entirel_v exposed and part of the landscape than to surround it by a formal unsightly hedge. It is better to screen a rose garden and any other special gar- den by some natural planting arranged so as to har- monize with the general landscape plan, so that, as far as one can know from looking towards it, it might be the boundarv planting of a lawn witli nothing but the street on the other side. It is important that the con- nection between the screen of the special garden and the other planting be invisible and that the entrance or en- trances be arranged with this idea in mind. It is of course impossible to make hard and fast rules regarding whether this garden should be screened all round or not, .generallv speaking one side at least may be open without bad effect. At all events, considering the rose garden from the inside — whatever may be planted around it — a space all along the inside of the boundary should be left to the width of about eight feet, which can be devoted to a border of five feet and a walk of three feet. It is very effective to have this border devoted to the roses comprised in the shrubbery group combined with herba- ceous pereimials. The rest of the area can be divided into beds three feet wide leaving two main walks three feet in width at right angles across the center, with such subsidiarv walks two feet wide as may be necessary to the area.' These walks are for the purpose of enabling everything connected with the culture and care of the roses to be done without stepping off a walk. While thorough preparation of the soil is important for all plants it" is especially so for roses as they are gross feeders and it is practically impossible to make the soil too rich, provided all other conditions are right. The first step is to see that the soil is properly drained. If it is not so, then drainage must be provided, as roses are always injured and frequently killed by stagnant water remaining around their roots for any length of time. In the case of a single rose bed only, draining can generally be accomplished by taking out the soil to a depth of three feet, (keeping the raw subsoil by itself so that the surplus can be removed away) and placing a foot of broken stone, bricks, or coarse cinders at the bottom and filling up with the best of the soil. If this method is not found sufficient to remove surplus water, then resource must be had to tile drainage. In any case the latter is always necessary when any sized area re- quires draining. The ideal soil for roses is a deep loam ; if the soil is very clayey a foot of the clay subsoil should be removed and some sandy top-soil substituted. Clay soils should be made lighter, and sandy ones made heavier, according to the class of roses to be planted. The hybrid perpetuals thrive best in a clayey loam, while teas and their hybrids must have a soil which is lighter and warmer. It is therefore well when all these three classes are grown, to plant them in beds to themselves so that the soil may be so regulated as to suit the special likes of each. In preparing the ground for roses it should be spaded and thoroughly broken up to a depth of not less than two feet where the subsoil is sandy : when the latter is clayey one may go a foot deeper with great benefit ; at the same time six inches of half decayed stable, or cow manure for preference, should be incorporated with it. The best and in fact the only practicable method of carrying out this operation is by trenching. Top soil, to the depth of a foot, is taken out of a trench eighteen inches wide across the bed and placed on one side. As rose beds, and in fact all flower beds, should be two or three inches below the surface of the walks or surround- ing ground when the plants are in position and the soil has settled, it is necessary to take out three or four inches of the subsoil which should be thrown out on one side to be subsequently carried away. The manure should then be thoroughly mixed with the soil at the bottom of the trench ; it is not enough merely to turn this bottom soil over in lumps but it must be thoroughly broken up and mixed with the manure. After this the top soil from the ne.xt trench should be turned over into the first trench and the work proceeded with as before. When the end of the bed is reached the top soil from the first trench is used to fill up the last one. After this trenching is com- pleted hydrated lime, or what is better, sulphate of lime or gypsum, together with pure ground bones should be applied to the surface at the rate of half a pound of each to the square yard and worked in with a rake or hoe. This soil preparation should be done as long before plant- ing time as possible, but the surface work should not be done when the ground is sticky. Autumn trenching is best for Spring planting, especially when the soil is at all heavy, in which case the surface work is better left until Spring, except that the lime may be spread over it at the time of spading ; lime should never be spaded under. Excepting in climates where the Winters are mild, Spring is the best time for planting, the actual date de- pending first upon the earliness. or otherwise, of the season ; one can plant earlier in a sandy soil than in a clayey one. Dormant roses may be generally set out by the middle of April in the latitude of New York, pro- vided conditions are suitable, but those which are not dormant and which have been wintered in pots under such conditions of temperature that their foliage has re- 88 GARDENERS' CHRONICLE mained green are best left until May, or even June, if the soil is late warming up. In planting dormant roses with roots which have not been confined in pots, holes should be wide enough to allow the roots to spread out and deep enough, if "grafted stock is used, to allow the junction of the rose proper with the stock to be two or three inches below the surface. This depth may be greater in sandy soils than in clayey ones. The soil should be well firmed around the roots. Some years ago a story went the rounds of the trade to the eflfect that a woman who had bought a dozen or so roses from a grower, complained that they had all died but one, and this particular one her husband, whom the woman was particular to describe as a very heavv man. accidentally stepped upon. The moral of this story is that if this heavy husband had accidently stepped upon all the roses the chances are that they would have all lived. After making the soil firm around the roots, if it is at all dry, the holes should be left open to a depth of about three inches and filled up with water; subsequently they can be filled in and the bed finished off. The distance apart to plant depends upon the kind ; tens and their hybrids may be as close as eighteen inches, while hybrid perpetuals should not be less than two feet apart. At planting time dormant roses should have the weak growth removed and the remainder shortened to about three buds : the cut should be made closely above an outside bud. ITsually roses out of four- or five-inch pots that are in a growing condition require nothing more in the way of pruning than the removal of weak shoots. For planting out of doors roses should not be more nor less than two years old. Never plant roses discarded from a forcing house, however low in price. Up to recent A'ears these worn-out roses were thrown on to the dump, but they are now being sold for bedding purposes for which they invariably prove unsatisfactory. (Concluded in April issue) Some of the E